Lecture 2 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
directive influence that determines the course of normal development
A
Preformed
2
Q
Influences that affect preformation
A
Maternal genes and cytoplasm
Zygotic genes
3
Q
direct initial developmental stages
A
Maternal and egg cytoplasm
4
Q
Diretive development after cleavage
A
Zygotic genes
5
Q
products of the genes, includes the environmental factors
A
Progressively formed
6
Q
- States that Each cell in the body has the same genetic material.
- Therefore, all the information necessary to produce a complete organism can be seen in any of our cells.
A
Genomic equivalance
7
Q
Where is genomic mosaicism mostly seen
A
In brain cells (esp. neurons)
Studies have shows that single neuron shows diverse alterations in DNA
8
Q
- The ability of a cell to differentiate into other cell types
- The restriction of nuclear potency
A
Cell potency
9
Q
Types of cell potency
A
- Totipotency
- Pluropotency
- Multipotency
10
Q
total capacity of a cell to give rise to a complete embryo
A
Totipotency
11
Q
- direct the entire development of the organism
- true for cells in the early stages of development
A
Totipotency
12
Q
ability to give rise to several types of cells,but
not all -> incomplete embryo
A
Pluripotency
13
Q
ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, but only to a restricted family of closely related cell types
A
Multipotency
14
Q
the property of a particular cell, such as a stem cell, to give rise to multiple distinct cell types.
A
Differentiation potency
15
Q
Examples of Totipotent cells
A
- Cell produced from sperm and egg up to stage of Morula
16
Q
Example of Pluripotency
A
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem
17
Q
Examples of Multipotent cells
A
Hematopoietic stem cells
18
Q
can give rise to all blood cells but not other tissue types such as neurons, muscle, or epithelium
A
Hematopoetic stem cells
19
Q
Steps for amphibian cloning
A
- A glass needle and pipette will remove chromosomes and spindle from cell
- A donor nucleus will be inserted into enucleated cell
- Somatic cell nucleus in an activated egg
20
Q
Steps for cloning mammals in the context of dolly the lamb
A
- Started as single cell in test tube
- Nucleus was collected from a sheep (Finn dorset)
- Fused into an empty or enucleated oocyte from another sheep (Scotting blackface)
- Normal development from confirmed
- Implanted in a surrogate mother
21
Q
The species of sheep where nucleus was collected
A
Finn Dorset sheep
22
Q
The species of sheep where empty or enucleated oocyte was fused
A
- Scottish blackface
23
Q
- Generation of cellular diversity.
- The process by which a cell becomes different in structure & function.
A
Cell Differentiation
24
Q
A gene produced wen the body only needs it
A
Luxury gene
25
A common set of gene
Housekeeping generally
26
- aka differential gene expression
- Genes are activated differently depending on time (phase of development) and space (specific cell)
Selective gene expression
27
- Transient increase in the number of certain genes without mitosis
- An adaptive response for meeting the synthetic requirements of the developing egg
Selective gene amplification
28
- One of the most important varieties of embryonic signal calling.
- Cells induce or influence adjacent cells to change its behavior
Embryonic induction
29
In embryonic induction: responding tissue must possess ____ to be able to respond to the inducer
competence
30
Components of embryonc induction
- organizer or inductor
- Evocator
- Responsive tissue
31
these are structure, which induced the formation of another structure
Organizer or inductor
32
the chemical substance that is emitted by the organizer or inductor
Evocator
33
the tissue on which inductor or evocator acts
Responsive tissue
34
is the tissue interactions in early embryogenesis that generates the neural tube
Primary embryonic induction
35
is the embryonic induction that directs the development of various tissues and organs in most animal embryos
Secondary embryonic induction
36
Result of primary embryonic induction
Formation of the neural tube
37
Result of secondary embryonic induction
Development o various tissues and organs
38
Example of embryonic induction
induction of neurulation and axis development by the notochord/ chordamesoderm
39
According to Mangold, if anterior chrodamesoderm was inserted, the recipent form?
Secondary head (with balancers, forebrain and eyes)
40
According to the experiement of Mangold, when he inserted posterior chordamesoderm it formed
secondary trunk and tail
41
- set of processes that mold the internal and external configuration of an embryo
- The biological processes that cause an organism to develop to its specific shape
Morphogenesis
42
- spatial and temporal distribution or organization of differentiated cells.
Pattern formation
43
movement of individual or mass of cells relative to each other
Morphogenic movement
44
Examples of morphogenesis
- Limb formation
- Establishment of fundamental axes
- branching of ducts w/ glands
- fingerprints
45
Six proces involved in morphogenesis
1. Cell proliferation
2. Cell migration
3. Cell aggregation/cell adhesion
4. Secretion of extracellular substances
5. Change in cell shape
6. Localized cell death/apoptosis
46
- characterized by rapid cell divisions which results to the increase in number of cells
- mitotic divisions
Cell proliferation
47
process wherein cells or group of cells move from one part of the embryo to another
Cell migration
48
Types of cell migrations
Short migrations (individual cell)
Massive dislocation (groups or sheets of cells)
49
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
50
Stages of apoptosis
- Normal cell
- Cell shrinkage
- membrane blebbing
- Nuclear collapse
- Apoptopic body formation
- Lysis of apoptotic bodies
51
set of genes that specify the antero posterior axis and segment identity
during the early stages
of metazoan
development
Homeotic genes
52
Why is homeotic genes critical?
for proper placement of certain embryonic structures
53
The homeobox
codes for the 61 amino acid protein
Homeodomain
54
An example of a Homeobox Gene Complex
Hox genes
55
Where are hox genes expressed?
Along craniocaudal axis
56
Four clusters of Hox genes in mammal`
A-D with 13 subfamilies or paralogous groups of genes
57
are arranged in strict order along their respective chromosomes and transcribed in the same order from the 5’ end to the 3’ end.
Paralogous chromosomes
58
Paralogous chromosomes are arrange in
Strictly order in respective chromosomes from 5' to the 3' end
59
- interpret the positional information along the anteroposterior body axis. Both vertebrates & invertebrates
- have similar types, order of the genes in the chromosomes & pattern of expression
Hox genes
60
Diversity of body forms in animals is due to
- Four hox genes clusters in vertebrates (invert. only have one)
- way they interpret the expression of gene
- Gene underwent duplication and divergence
- Neural crest cell are absent (in invert.)
61
Origin of chordate
1. Modularity
62
- occurs through discrete & interacting modules (units)
- Organisms are constructed of units that are parts of larger units.
- Allows development of different parts of the body w/o interfering w/ other functions.
Modularity
63
_____ allows the formation of redundant structure
Duplication
64
____ allows the structure to assume a new role
Divergence
65
involves heterochrony & allometry
Dissociation
66
retention of larval traits (salamander) due to heterochronic expression of certain genes & gene mutation in the induction competence system
Heterochrony
67
Types of heterochrony
- Paedomorphosis
- Peramorphosis
68
Types of Paedomorphosis
- Progensis (earlier offset)
- Neoteny (reduced rate)
- Postdisplacement (delayed onset)
69
Types of Peramorphosis
- Hypomorphosis (Delayed offset)
- Acceleration (increased rate)
- predisplacement (earlier onset)
70
If the period of growth in the descendant is
extended.
Hypermorphosis
71
if the growth rate is increased
Acceleration
72
if the onset of growth occurs earlier in the descendant than
in the ancestor
Predisplacement
73
different parts of the organism grow at different rates
Allometry
74
distinguish between vertebrates from protochordates and invertebrates.
Neural crest cells
75
responsible for the development of face, skull, and branchial arches
Cranial nueral crest cells
76
allows for more efficient predation with sensory structures adjacent to the prey-capturing jaws.
Cephalization
77
one gene specify neuron OR anteroposterior axis in the larval stage
Co-option
