Fertilization & Gastrulation & Neurolation Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Parts that make up the Human Ovum
A
Corona radiata Zona Pellucida Nucleus Perivitelline space Plasma membrane
2
Q
Chemicals happen in this space in the ovum
A
Perivitelline space
3
Q
A morpheus cellular proteoglycan network
A
Zona pellucida
4
Q
How many chromosomes does a ovum have
A
23 (haploid)
23X
5
Q
Parts of the Human Sperm
A
Head: Acrosome & Nucleus
Neck
Tail: Middle piece, Principle piece, End piece
6
Q
Has enzyme and takes up anterior 2/3 of human sperm
A
Acrosome
7
Q
What is contained within the middle piece of the human sperm
A
Mitochondrial sheath
8
Q
Day 0 is
A
Ovulation
9
Q
Day 7 is
A
Fertilization
10
Q
Where does week 1 occur?
A
Uterine tube
11
Q
First step of Week 1
A
Capacitation
& Passage of sperm through corona radiata
12
Q
Capacitation is
A
The removal of the glycoprotein coat & seminal plasma proteins from plasma membrane of sperm
13
Q
What enzyme do sperm release to penetrate through the corona radiata
A
Hyaluronidase
14
Q
Step 2 of week 1
A
Penetration of zona pellucida
-Zona reaction
15
Q
Enzymes released to penetrate zona pellucida
A
Esterases, acrosin, neruaminidase
(Acrosin —> main enzyme
16
Q
Zona reaction
A
One sperm binding to egg to stop all from penetrating
Prevent polyspermy
17
Q
Step 3 of week 1
A
Fusion of plasma membrane of oocyte and sperm
Head & tail of sperm enter oocyte cytoplasm (mitochondria does not come with)
18
Q
Step 4 of week 1
A
Completion of second meiotic division
Formation of male pronucleus
Fusion of male & female pronuclei
19
Q
Fertilization can take up to
A
24 hours
20
Q
What are the results of fertilization
A
2nd meiotic division is completed Diploid # of chromosome (46) Establish sex of embryo (XX or XY) Metabolic activation of oocyte Cleavage initiation
21
Q
Results in Morula development
A
Cleavage
22
Q
Morula enters uterus on what day
A
Day 4
23
Q
When does cleavage occur
A
30 hr after fertilization
24
Q
What day is the morula created
A
Day 3
25
Early blastocyst to late blastocyst occurs during which days
Day 5-7
26
Late blastocyst consists of
One layer
Inner cell mass
Blastocyst cavity
Trophoblast
27
In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer steps
Ovary stimulated to release egg
—> placement of oocytes in petri with sperm
—> cleavage until 8 cell stage are reached
—> zygote transferred to uterus.
28
Cryopreservation of embryos can last up to
21 years
29
What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Injection of 1 sperm to female egg
30
An early pregnancy factor that release immunosuppressive protein
(Placenta)
Trophoblast
31
Trophoblast gives rise to
Cytotrophoblast
32
Cytotrophoblast give rise to
Syncytiotrophoblast
33
Stem cell layer of placenta
| Mitotically active
Cytotrophoblast
34
Contains proteolytic enzymes to cause loss of membrane & HCG (chorionic gonadotropin)
Responsible for implantation and initial signal of pregnancy
Syncytiotrophoblast
35
Abnormal trophoblastic proliferation excessive amount of hCG produced
Hydtidiform Mole
36
Fertilization of an empty oocyte followed by duplication of the sperm
Complete hydatidiform
37
Fertilization of an empty oocyte by two sperm
Complete hydatidiform mole
38
Fertilization of normal oocyte by two sperm
Partial hydatidiform mole
39
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Clinical features:
vaginal bleeding
Pelvic pressure or pain
Enlarged uterus
Hyperemesis gravidarum
```
Partial hydatidiform mole
40
Malignant tumor which develops from hydatidiform mole
Choriocarcinomas
41
Inner cell mass consists of
Epiblast & Hypoblast
42
Epiblast consists of
Ectoderm
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
43
Extraoembryonic placeholder (week 2 only)
Hypoblast
44
Hypoblast gives rise to
Prechordal plate
Primary/secondary yolk sac
Extraembryonic mesoderm
45
Epiblast gives rise to
Ectoderm
Amnion
Amniotic Cavity
46
Extraembryonic mesoderm gives rise to
Extraembryonic coelom
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Extraembryonic Splanchic mesoderm
47
Hollow cavity outside of embryo (extraembryonic mesoderm)
Coelom mesoderm
48
Lining the trophoblast & covering the amnion (extraembryonic mesoderm)
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
49
Lining the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)
| Extraembryonic mesoderm
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
50
Derivatives of extraembryonic mesoderm
Connecting Stalk
Primitive Blood
Chorion
51
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Forms at embryonic pole
Position changes during development
Connecting Stalk
52
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
Forms in wall of yolk sac
Replaced in week 3
Primitive Blood
53
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast
Synctiotrophoblast
Chorion
54
Implantation starts on day
6-10
55
Week 2 problems
Ectopic pregnancy
| Placenta Previa
56
Implantation within uterine tube/intestines
| Can cause internal hemorrhage if ruptured
Ectopic pregnancy
57
Placenta covers internal Os of cervix
Vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks gestation
Sonographic evalution before digital vaginal examination (finger)
Placenta Previa
58
Placenta covers adjacent to Os, not covering
Marginal PP
59
Placenta coves half of Os
Partial placenta previa
60
Placenta covers total Os
| Will require C-section
Total placenta previa
61
Type of ectopic pregnancy in which the fertilized egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus.
Fallopian tube is inflamed or misshappen
Tubal pregnancy
62
Describe gastrulation
Formation of 3 primary germ layers
63
Ectoderm consists of
Skin, hair, CNS, eyes, fingernails
64
Mesoderm consists of
Muscle, bone, blood, lymph, spleen, heart
65
Endoderm consists of
GI tract, liver, lungs, bladder
66
Primitive Streak consists of
Primitive knot (primitive node)
Primitive groove
Primitive pit
67
Primitive streak forms along
Epiblast (embryonic ectoderm)
68
Week 3 Problems
Teratoma
Chordoma
Neurocristopathies
69
Benign tumor involving all three germ layers
Teratoma
70
Teratoma surrounding anus
| Stem cell remnants from primitive streak
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
71
Teratoma surrounding mouth,
| Stem cell remnants from week 2 germ cell
Oropharyngeal teratoma
72
Rare slow growing aggressive neoplasms of bone
Malignant tumor within brain and sacral regions
Remnants of notochord
Chordoma
73
neural crest cell diseases that results in Hirschsprung’s disease
Trunk neural crest
74
Neural crest cell disease that results in cleft lip/palate, digeorge syndrome, dental anomalies
Cranial Neural Crest
75
Neural crest cell disease (tumor)
Neuroblastoma
76
Neural crest cell disease (skin)
Albinism
77
Failure of caudal neuropore closure
Spina bifida
78
Sunfused vertebral arch, missing spinous process, tuft of hair
Spina bifida occults
79
Cyst with CSF, spinal cord still in vertebral column
Spina bifida meningocele
80
Cyst filled with CSF, spinal cord & meninges located in cyst
Spina bifida meningomyelocele
81
Spinal cord exposed to environment
Spina bifida myelocele
82
Notochord process happen in what layer
Mesoderm
83
Notochord purposes
Template for vertebral column
| Induces neural plate
84
Sites of abnormal implantation
Ampullary
Isthmic/intraliga
Pr. Ovarian
85
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Endoderm
Template for umbilical arteries & vein
Become urachus (attaches to bladder)
```
Allantois
86
Types of Mesoderm
Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral Plate
87
Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise to
Somites
88
Somites give rise to
Muscle
Skeleton (vertebral)
Dermis
89
Intermediate Mesoderm gives rise to
Urogenital
90
Urogenital gives rise to
Kidneys & Gonads
91
Later plate gives rise to
Connective tissue
92
Lateral plate’s connective tissue gives rise to
Blood
Lymph
Mesenteries
Cardiovasclar
93
Splanchnopleure is what type of germ layer and gives rise to
Mesoderm next to endoderm that gives rise to organs
94
Somatic mesoderm lies next to
Endoderm
95
Rostral Neurpore closes on day
25
96
Caudal Neuropore closes on day
28
97
Rostral neuropore: open end or closed end
Open
98
Caudal neuropore: open or closed end
Closed end
99
Primary Neurulation Days
Day 22-23 to 27-28
100
Primary Neurulation process
Neural plate -> neural folds -> Neural tube + neural crest + surface ectoderm
101
Formation of Caudal & Rostral Neuropore
| Zipper up & away from center to ends
Primary Neurulation
102
Primary Neurulation gives rise to
CNS:
| Brain through Lumbar Spinal Cord
103
Secondary Neurulation occurs on what days
Day 20 to 42
104
Secondary Neurulation process
Caudal Guinence fuses with caudal neuropore
105
Secondary neurulation gives rise to
CNS: sacral & coccyx spinal cord
106
Neural Crest Derivatives : Ectomesenchyme
Bone & Cartilage
Walls of large arteries from aortic arches
Connective tissue of uvea & sclera (eye)
Enamel & dentin
107
Neural Crest Cell derivatives: neurons
Spinal ganglia
(Sensory neurons)
Autonomic ganglia
108
Neural Crest Cell derivatives: supporting cells
Schwann cells
| Leptomeninges (pia & arachnoid matar)
109
Neural Crest derivatives: pigment cells
Melanocytes
110
Neural crest derivatives: endocrrine
thyroid gland
111
Failure of rostralneuropore to close
Congential (cranial) Neural Tube Defects
112
Missing neocortex & top of cranial skull bones
| Incompatible with life
Anencephaly
113
Cystic growth on head
Encephalocele
