Histology Flashcards by Illeana Dullas

Characteristics of epithelia

Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment 
Avascular
Innervation 
Regeneration

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Junction:
Impermeable/cells function as barrier
Enwrap top region (apical membrane) to stop transfer of things across

Tight/occulding junctions

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Junction:
Fluid-filled channels that connect apposed cells
Mediate communicate (move ion from one cell to another)
Connexin aggregates

Gap/communicating junction

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different types of anchoring junctions

Adherens
Desmosome
Hemidesmosomes

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anchoring junction:

Lateral adhesions involving cadherins that interact with actin filaments

Adherens

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Anchoring junctions: lateral adhesions involving cadherins that interact w/intermediate filaments
“Stronger adhesion”

Desomosome

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Basal adhesions involving integrins that & intermediate filaments that anchor to basal lamina
connective tissue to basement membrane
Prevent epithelial from ripping off

hemidesmosomes

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Bacteria that cause “food poisoning” target which junction

Tight junctions

Result in loss of fluid

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Which junction is involved with blisters of oral mucosa

Desmosomes

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Apical specialization:
Cytoplasmic processes containing actin core
Specialized for absorption
Increase surface area

Microvilli

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Disease caused by loss of microvilli on absorptive cells in SI

Celiac disease

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Apical Specialization:
Long & less mobile microvilli
Restricted location to epididymis & inner ear hair cells

Stereocilia

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Apical specialization:

Long highly motile structures containing internal arrays of microtubules

Cilia

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Cilia that beat in a wave-like fashion to propel substance across tissue
Most common

Motile cilia

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Cilia that is immotile, function as chemosensors, osmosensors, mechanosensors
One cell

Primary cilia

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Cilia that is embryonic
Has role in L/R axis determination
Located at end of primitive streak

Nodal cilia

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simple squamous

Located in lining of blood & lymphatic vessels

Endothelium

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Simple squamous

Located in lining of serous membranes

Mesothelium

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Simple squamous
Description:
Location:
Function:

Single & flat cells
Lining of alveoli in lungs, kidney & various ducts
Exchange, barrier & lubrication

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Simple cuboidal
Description:
Location:
Function:

Single layer, cube shaped
Kidney tubules, covering of ovary
Absorption, barrier, secretion

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Simple columnar
Description:
Location:
Function

Single layer; longer than wide; nuclei circular more than oval
Stomach, intestine (SI/LI), gallbladder, uterus
Absorption & secretion

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Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Description:
Location:
Function

“Simple epithelium”; cell vary in shape; look like multiple layers
Lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
Absorption & secretion, debris & particulate movement

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Urothelium
Description:
Location:
Function

aka transitional; “simple epithelium” looks like stratified
Urinary, bladder urethra, ureters
Barrier, distensible property

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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Description:
Location:
Function

Lack keratin; flat apical surface
Oral cavity, anus, vagina, urethra, cornea; get abrasion consistently
Barrier & protection

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Keratinized stratified squamous Description: Location: Function

Keratin on surface; waterproof Epidermis Barrier & protection

Stratified cuboidal Description: Location: Function

Two or more layers: cube shaped Sweat glands & ducts, ovarian follicles, salivary glands Barrier & passageway

Membrane: epithelial tissue that lines internal body cavities

Serous membrane

Membrane: epithelial tissue that secretes mucus

Mucous membrane

Mucous membrane lines

Body cavities & tubular organs including the gut & respiratory

Serous membrane includes

Peritoneum, pericardium & pleura

Simple squamous epithelium that comprises part of a serous membrane

Mesothelium

Unicellular glands

One cell that has a gland-like function | Simplest in structure

Goblet cell

Unicellular gland | Mucus secreting cell lining the intestines & respiratory tract

Acinus

Exocrine glands have these secretory cells

Functional tissue of an organ, does not include CT & other supporting tissues

Parenchyma

Serous acini secretes

Water-based product

Mucous acini secretes

Lipid-based product

Mucoserous acini secretes both

Water-based product & lipid-based product

Gland where secretion is delivered in membrane-bound vesicles to apical surface & undergo exocytosis

Merocrine gland

Gland where secretion accumulates within cell leads to apoptosis to release cell debris

Holocrine gland

Gland that releases the apical portion of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm

Apocrine gland

Example of merocine gland

Salivary glands

Holocrine gland example

Sebacous glands

Apocrine glands example

Mammary glands

Simple glands

Unbranched ducts

Compound glands

2+ branches

Single gland secretory cells form straight tube

Simple tubular

Single gland secretory cells form saclike structure

Simple acinar

Simple gland secretory cell with branched secretory portion

Simple branched acinar

Compound glands with coiled secretory portion

Compound tubular

Compound gland with saclike secretor units

Compound acinar

Compound glands with tubular & acinar secretory units

Compound tubuloacinar

Low density tissue with both fixed and wandering cells; widespread Holds organs in place

Areolar

What kind of connective tissue is areolar

Fibrous Loose Connective Tissue

Fat containing tissue

Adipose

What kind of tissue is adipose tissue

Fibrous loose connective tissue

Tissue rich in reticular fibers; forms an open framework to create a supportive mesh for holding free cells

Reticular

What kind of tissue is reticular tissue

Fibrous loose connective tissue

Tissue in which fibers are deposited in a random pattern | In dermis of the skin

Dense irregular

What kind of tissue is irregular connective tissue

Fibrous dense connective tissue

Tissue in which fibers are deposited in a highly regular pattern Tendons connecting skeletal muscle to bone

Dense regular

What kind of tissue is regular connective tissue

Fibrous dense connective tissue

Tissue rich in elastin fibers

Elastic

What kind of tissue is elastic connective tissue

fibrous dense connective tissue

Tissue that supports & bind other tissues Hold body fluids Defend against infections

Loose connective tissue

Loose connective tissue is found

Immediately under epithelium (referred to as lamina propia) | Around BVs, muscles and nerves

Provides energy source & insulate against heat loss | Provides padding & cushioning of organs

Adipose CT

Where is adipose CT found

Under skin, around organs, within stomach, breasts and buttocks

Adipose tissue thee functions in energy storage, insulation and cushioning

White adipose tissue

Adipose tissue that is a key thermogenic tissue | Abundant in newborns but reduced in adults

Brown adipose tissue

Reticular connective tissue is found in

Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen | Meshwork forms houses blood cells & immune cells

Principle cell type of dense irregular/regular connective tissue

Fibroblasts

Found in dermis of skin Capsules that surround internal organs Fascia

Dense irregular connective tissue

Tissue that is poorly vascularized Resist pulling forces When not under tension, has wavy appearance

Dense regular CT

``` Found in tendons, Ligaments Aponeuroses Dense fascia, joint capsules (Lots of tension) ```

Dense regular CT

Found in BV walls | Bronchiole tubules, lungs

Elastic CT

COPD is involved with

Elastic CT

Gel-like substance in ECM that contains all components of ECM except for collagen & elastin Carries O2,CO2, nutrients & wastes

Ground substance

Cell that produce collagens, proteoglycans & glycoproteins

Fibroblasts

Connective tissue stem cells

Mesechymal cells

Cells produce and maintain cartilage components

Chondrocytes

Cells that produce bone components

Osteoblasts

What is in fibrous component of ECM of CT

Collagens Elastin Reticular fibers

Describe Type I collagen

Aligned & crosslinked to increase tensile strength

Fixed or wandering? Fibroblasts Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells

Fixed

``` fixed or wandering? Macrophages Mast cells Leukocytes Plasma Cells ```

Wandering

Autosomal dominant disorder where elastin is weak Mutation in fibrillin-I gene Life threatening cardiovascular anomalies Tend to be tall with long arms/legs

Marfan’s Syndrome

Function to produce collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans & glycoproteins in ECM

Fibroblasts

Secrete chemicals such as heparin (anti-coagulant of blood)

Mast Cells