Fertilization (ppt)

Question 1

• union of mature egg cell (ovum) and sperm cell happening in the______ (outer third) of the fallopian tube

Answer 1

ampulla

Question 2

• resulting in a fertilized ovum known as the_____

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

Fertilization

• also termed

Answer 3

conception, fecundation, and impregnation

Question 4

sperm must undergo 2 processes before fertilization:

Answer 4

Sperm capacitation

Acrosomal Reaction

Question 5

: the process by which the sperm becomes hypermobile and there is a breakdown of the plasma membrane and exposes the acrosomal membrane/ covering of the sperm head allowing the sperm to bind with the zona pellucida of the ovum.

Answer 5

Sperm capacitation

Question 6

_______follows capacitation; the acrosomal covering of the head of the sperm contains______.

So as millions of sperms surrounds the ovum, they deposit minute amounts of hyaluronidase in the corona radiata, the outer layer of the ovum, which allows the sperm head to penetrate the ovum

Answer 6

Acrosomal Reaction

hyaluronidase

Question 7

As soon as the sperm penetrates the____ and makes contact with the vitelline membrane of the ovum, a cellular change occurs in the ovum that inhibits other sperms to penetrate.

Answer 7

zona pellucida

Question 8

begins when the outer membranes of the sperm and secondary oocyte meet

Answer 8

Fertilization

Question 9

Fertilization occurs when the (chromosome #)______ is restored a new combination of genetic material from the parents

Answer 9

chromosome diploid number
(46)

Question 10

: series of mitotic cell division by the zygote

Answer 10

Cleavage

Question 11

: daughter cells arising from the mitotic cell division of the zygote 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell

Answer 11

Blastomeres

Question 12

: solid ball of cells produced by 16 or so blastomeres;

called the “traveling” form because it is in this form when it migrates thru the fallopian tube and reaches the uterine cavity about 3 to 4 after ovulation.

Answer 12

Morula

Question 13

: a fluid-filled cavity that reaches the uterine cavity

Answer 13

Blastocyst

Question 14

IMPLANTATION
• Also called

Answer 14

Nidation

Question 15

Time: 6 to 9 days after fertilization

Answer 15

Implantation

Question 16

• Site: upper fundal portion or upper one-third of the uterus

Answer 16

Implantation

Question 17

Abnormal implantation sites are the fallopian tubes which leads to ____and the lower uterine segment which causes_____

Answer 17

ectopic pregnancy

placenta previa

Question 18

Stages of Intrauterine Development

Answer 18

1. Ovum
   II. Embryo
   III. Fetus

Question 19

• From fertilization to 2 weeks
• The period of pre-differentiation of organs.

Answer 19

Ovum

Question 20

• First 8 weeks
• The period of organ differentiation (organogenesis)
• Most Dangerous Period: A teratogen introduced at this stage may result in severe organ malformation and dysfunction

Answer 20

Embryo

Question 21

: the dysgenesis of fetal organs as evidenced either structurally or functionally

Answer 21

Teratogenesis

Question 22

The typical manifestation of____ are restricted growth or death of the fetus, carcinogenesis, and malformation, defined as defects in organ structure or function.

Answer 22

teratogenesis

Question 23

EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS

Answer 23

• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm

Question 24

Ectoderm
• outer layer; develops into:

Answer 24

1. Nervous system
2. Hair, nails, skin epidermis, sebaceous and sweat glands
3. Salivary glands, mucous membrane of mouth
4. Epithelium of nasal oral passage

Question 25

Mesoderm • the middle layer, develops into:

Answer 25

1. Dermis 2. Cardiovascular system 3. Reproductive system system 4. Musculoskeletal system 5. Urogenital system system, except the bladder

Question 26

Endoderm • Also called Entoderm: the inner layer develops into:

Answer 26

1. Linings of gastrointestinal tract from pharynx to rectum 2. Liver, pancreas thyroid, parathyroid 3. Respiratory tract 4. Bladder, thyroid, thymus (for immunity building)

Question 27

From 9th week to birth • The period of post-differentiation of organs • When exposed to a____, a malformation is least likely to occur. If ever the fetus is affected, the effects will most likely be alteration in size or function.

Answer 27

Fetus teratogen

Question 28

Placenta Fetal Side: covered with amnion; beneath it the fetal vessels course with the arteries passing over the veins. •_____: 0.02 to 0.05 mm in thickness; a sac that engulfs the growing fetus. •_______: clear fluid that collects within the amniotic cavity

Answer 28

Amnion Amniotic fluid

Question 29

Placenta divided into irregular lobes; consist of fibrous tissue with sparse vessels confined mainly to the base

Answer 29

Maternal Side

Question 30

: transport nutrients and water soluble vitamins to fetus

Answer 30

Nutritive

Question 31

Excretory with the_____ as the medium of excretion

Answer 31

amniotic fluid

Question 32

Protective barriers to some substance and organism like heparin and bacteria; ineffective for virus, alcohol, nicotine, antibiotics, depressants and stimulants.

Answer 32

Placenta

Question 33

Placenta : secretes hormones estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and human placental lactogen (HPL), also called chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)

Answer 33

Endocrine

Question 34

• Inability to conceived after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse • Considered as disability by WHO

Answer 34

INFERTILITY

Question 35

• Causes: • Male factors: 25% • Female factors: 58% • Unexplained: 17%

Answer 35

INFERTILITY

Question 36

• modifiable risk factors of infertility

Answer 36

smoking alcohol caffeine obesity

Question 37

FEMALE CAUSES of infertility • Abnormalities in _____constitute the most common cause of female infertility, these disorders include: • ovulatory dysfunction and abnormalities of the uterus or outflow tract, may present as_____ or as irregular or short menstrual cycles.

Answer 37

menstrual function amenorrhea

Question 38

FEMALE CAUSES may result from pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), appendicitis, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, tubal surgery, previous use of an intrauterine device (IUD), and a previous ectopic pregnancy.

Answer 38

• Tubal Disease

Question 39

may be an under diagnosed cause of tubal infertility and requires the treatment of both partners

Answer 39

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 40

is defined as the presence of endometrial glands or stroma outside the endometrial cavity and uterine musculature • accounts for____% of infertility not due to ovulatory disorders, tubal obstruction, or male factor • Its presence is suggested by a history of_____ (painful intercourse), worsening dysmenorrhea that often begins before menses, or a thickened rectovaginal septum or deviation of the cervix on pelvic examination.

Answer 40

Endometriosis 40% dyspareunia