Intro Part 2

Question 1

(almost) all inheritance is based on____: the sequence of _________encodes all instructions needed to build and maintain an organism.

Answer 1

DNA

ACGT nucleotides

Question 2

A________ is a single DNA molecule together with other molecules (proteins and RNA) needed to support and read the DNA.

Answer 2

chromosome

Question 3

A_____ is a specific region of a chromosome that codes for a single_______ (linear chain of amino acids).

Answer 3

gene

polypeptide

Question 4

_______are composed of one or more polypeptides, plus in some cases other small helper molecules (co-factors)._____ do most of the work of the cell.

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

Genes are expressed in a 2 step process:

Answer 5

Transcription
Translation

Question 6

T or F

All cells in the body have the same DNA, but different genes are expressed in different cells and under different conditions.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Genes often have several_____: the same gene in the same chromosomal location, but with minor nucleotide changes that yield slightly different proteins.

Answer 7

alleles

Question 8

For a given gene, many different alleles can exist in a population (members of the same species), but an individual diploid organism can have___ alleles at most:________

Answer 8

2

one from each parent.

Question 9

________= having 2 copies of each gene and each chromosome.

Answer 9

Diploid

Question 10

(where the mitotic spindle attaches)

Answer 10

centromere

Question 11

(special structures on the ends of chromosomes)

Answer 11

telomeres

Question 12

(where copying of DNA starts)

Answer 12

origins of replication

Question 13

(non-functional, mutated copies of genes)

Answer 13

pseudogenes

Question 14

(intranuclear parasites)

Answer 14

transposable elements a.k.a. transposons

Question 15

Eubacteria and Archaea. Usually unicellular.

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

No internal membrane-bound compartments: DNA floats free in the cytoplasm.

Answer 16

Prokaryotes

Question 17

1 circular chromosome (plus optional plasmids, which are also circular)

Answer 17

Prokaryotes

Question 18

reproduction usually asexual

Answer 18

Prokaryotes

Question 19

sexual processes (mixing DNA from 2 individuals) occur, but with unequal contributions from the 2 partners

Answer 19

Prokaryotes

Question 20

transcription and translation simultaneous

Answer 20

Prokaryotes

Question 21

Plants, animals, fungi, protists. Often multicellular.

Answer 21

Eukaryotes

Question 22

DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

Answer 22

Eukaryotes

Question 23

linear chromosomes (usually more than 1)

Answer 23

Eukaryotes

Question 24

careful division of chromosomes in cell division: mitosis and meiosis

Answer 24

Eukaryotes

Question 25

transcription separated from translation

Answer 25

Eukaryotes

Question 26

sexual reproduction: 2 partners contribute equally to offspring

Answer 26

Eukaryotes

Question 27

life cycle: alternation of haploid and diploid phases (i.e. 1 vs. 2 copies of each gene and chromosome)

Answer 27

Eukaryotes

Question 28

which are any change in the DNA base sequence, occur constantly in all cells and organisms.

Offspring rarely get a perfect copy of the DNA from its parents.

Answer 28

Mutations

Question 29

mutations are rare: about__ DNA base change per____ bases each cell generation.

Answer 29

1

109

Question 30

Humans have about 3 x 109 bases and E. coli bacteria have about ______ bases

Answer 30

4 x 106

Question 31

: the ability to survive and reproduce. An individual’s _____ is affected by its genes.

Answer 31

Fitness

Question 32

__________: more fit individuals tend to increase their numbers each generation, at the expense of less fit individuals.

Alleles that confer higher fitness tend to take over in the population, causing a loss of less fit genes.

Answer 32

Natural selection

Question 33

________changes, new species, are thought to usually occur in small isolated populations, where they don’t get swamped out or out-competed by the “normal” individuals.

Answer 33

Large scale