Intro

Question 1

The study of chromosomes, which are the visible carriers of the hereditary material

Answer 1

Cytogenetics

Question 2

Cytogenetics is the study of

Answer 2

Chromosomes

Question 3

Cytogenetics is a fusion of (gcs)

Answer 3

science
cytology
genetics

Question 4

the study of cells

Answer 4

Cytology

Question 5

(the study of inherited variation)

Answer 5

genetics

Question 6

Genetics — is the study of ___ and ____

Answer 6

heredity and variation

Question 7

— study of transmission of traits and biological information between generations

Answer 7

Heredity

Question 8

— are simply differences in genetic sequence

Answer 8

Variation

Question 9

Examples of genetic variation (within species)

Answer 9

Domesticated species
Human genetics
Natural Populations

Question 10

Three (3) primary sources of genetic variation:

Answer 10

Mutations
Gene flow
Sex

Question 11

Areas of Genetics

Answer 11

Classical Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics

Question 12

(based on Mendel’s 1st and 2nd laws)

Answer 12

Classical Genetics

Question 13

(based on the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics)

Answer 13

Molecular Genetics

Question 14

(based on the theory of Natural Selection proposed by Darwin)

Answer 14

Evolutionary Genetics

Question 15

“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it “

Answer 15

Santayana,1905-1906

Question 16

People have known about inheritance for a long time.

Answer 16

children resemble their parents

domestication of animals and plants, selective breeding for good characteristics

Sumerian horse breeding records

Egyptian data palm breeding

Bible and hemophilia

Question 17

Old/ incorrect ideas

Answer 17

All life comes from other life

Species concept

Organisms develop by expressing information carried in their hereditary material.

The environment can’t alter the hereditary material in a directed fashion

Male and female parents contribute equally to the offspring.

Question 18

Three (3) major events in the mid-1800’s led directly to the development of modern genetics.

Answer 18

The Origin of Species

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells.

Question 19

published The Origin of Species, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 19

1859: Charles Darwin

Question 20

published Experiments in Plant Hybridization, which lays out the basic theory of genetics.
It is widely ignored until 1900.

Answer 20

1866: Gregor Mendel

Question 21

isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells.

Answer 21

1869: Friedrich Miescher

Question 22

proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the nucleus.

Answer 22

1871: Ernst Haeckel

Question 23

1900: rediscovery of Mendel’s work by

Answer 23

Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak

Question 24

1902:_______ discovered that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis.

Answer 24

Archibald Garrod

Question 25

- coined “gene”

Answer 25

Wilhelm Johannsen

Question 26

1904:_______ discovered linkage between genes. Also coins the word “genetics”.

Answer 26

William Bateson

Question 27

1910: A year after, together with_______, Bateson discovered the science of genetic linkage.

Answer 27

Reginald Punnett

Question 28

Reginald Punnett and Bateson coined the term “_____” to describe the interaction between two different traits

Answer 28

epistasis

Question 29

1910:_____ proved that genes are located on the chromosomes (using Drosophila).

Answer 29

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 30

1918:_____ began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component.

Answer 30

R. A. Fisher

Question 31

1926:________ shows that X-rays induce mutations

Answer 31

Hermann J. Muller

Question 32

1944:(3) show that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material.

Answer 32

Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty

Question 33

1953: They determine the structure of the DNA molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates

Answer 33

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 34

1966:______ solves the genetic code, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.

Answer 34

Marshall Nirenberg

Question 35

1970: — an enzyme found in retroviruses, was discovered and was used in cloning genes.

Answer 35

Reverse transcriptase

Question 36

1972: (2) combine DNA from two different species in vitro, then transform it into bacterial cells: first DNA cloning

Answer 36

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer

Question 37

1977: Scientist______introduced the process of sequencing the genome (set of genes of an organism) of a bacteriophage. Later, scientists have done it in other organisms as well.

Answer 37

Frederick Sanger

Question 38

1983: invented the process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Answer 38

Kary Mullis

Question 39

In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time

Answer 39

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 40

1990: The ________was started. GOAL: To sequence and map the genome (collections of all the genes) of man.

Answer 40

Human Genome Project

Question 41

1996: They have successfully cloned Dolly the sheep.

Answer 41

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell

Question 42

When: Sequence of the entire human genome is announced.

Answer 42

2003

Question 43

Charles Darwin published_________, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 43

The Origin of Species

Question 44

Gregor Mendel published___________, which lays out the basic theory of genetics. ■ It is widely ignored until 1900.

Answer 44

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

Question 45

Friedrich Miescher isolated “_________” from pus cells

Answer 45

nucleic acid

Question 46

The experiments of Ernst Haeckel proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the

Answer 46

nucleus

Question 47

Archibald Garrod discovered that______, a human disease, has a genetic basis.

Answer 47

alkaptonuria

Question 48

Wilhelm Johannsen- coined “____”

Answer 48

gene

Question 49

William Bateson discovered linkage between genes. Also coins the word “_____”.

Answer 49

genetics

Question 50

A year after, together with Reginald Punnett, Bateson discovered the science of genetic linkage. ○ They also coined the term “______” to describe the interaction between two different traits

Answer 50

epistasis

Question 51

Gene responsible for brown hair

Answer 51

MCR1 gene

Question 52

Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are located on the chromosomes (using______).

Answer 52

Drosophila

Question 53

R. A. Fisher began the study of_____ genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component.

Answer 53

quantitative

Question 54

Hermann J. Muller shows that _____ induce mutations.

Answer 54

X-rays

Question 55

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the_____ material.

Answer 55

hereditary

Question 56

James Watson and Francis Crick determine the structure of the_____ molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates

Answer 56

DNA

Question 57

Marshall Nirenberg solves the______, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.

Answer 57

genetic code

Question 58

Example of diseases that has reverse transcriptase

Answer 58

HIV Hep B

Question 59

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine DNA from two different species in vitro, then transform it into bacterial cells: first____ cloning

Answer 59

DNA

Question 60

Scientist Frederick Sanger ○ introduced the process of sequencing the genome (set of genes of an organism) of a _____.

Answer 60

bacteriophage

Question 61

Kary Mullis invented the process called

Answer 61

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Question 62

In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time

Answer 62

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).