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A level textiles paper 1 > Fibres- 1.1 > Flashcards

Fibres- 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a fibre?

A

a thin, hair like strand

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2
Q

what are all fibres made of?

A

long chains of molecules called polymers

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3
Q

what 3 sections are natural fibres split up into?

A

-natural plant/cellulose fibres
-natural animal/protein fibres
-natural animal hair/ protein fibres

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4
Q

what are the 3 natural plant/cellulose fibres?

A

-cotton
-linen
-ramie

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5
Q

what are the 2 animal/protein fibres?

A

-wool
-silk

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6
Q

what are the 3 natural animal hair/protein fibres?

A

-angora
-mohair
-cashmere

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7
Q

what two sections are manufactured/ regenerated fibres split up into?

A

-new generation lyocell fibres
-regenerated fibres

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8
Q

what are regenerated fibres manufactured from?

A

manufactured from natural cellulose that has been chemically modified

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9
Q

why are new generation lyocell fibres environmentally friendly?

A

the cellulose is harvested from sustainably grown trees and some of the fibres are produced using a closed-loop system which means the chemicals used in the manufacture are recycled

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10
Q

what are the two types of regenerated fibres?

A

-acetate
-viscose

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11
Q

what is acetate made of?

A

cellulose and acetetic acid

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12
Q

what is viscose made of?

A

made from wood pulp

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13
Q

what are the two types of new generation lyocell fibres?

A

Modal and Lyocell (e.g tencel)

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14
Q

what are synthetic fibres made of?

A

synthetic polymers based on petrochemicals and oils like petrol, coal and oil

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15
Q

what process are most synthetic fibres made from?

A

the melt spinning process

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16
Q

what does the melt spinning process produce?

A

long, continous filament fibres which are thermoplastic (they can be heated and shaped in many different ways and return to their original shape when heated)

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17
Q

what are the seven synthetic fibres?

A

-nylon (polyamide)
-aramids (kevlar and nomex)
-polyester
-acrylic
-polyvinyl
-fluorofibres (PTFE)
-elastane (lycra or spandex)

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18
Q

what are inorganic fibres classed as?

A

man-made fibres- however they are not synthetic polymers

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19
Q

what are the 4 inorganic fibres?

A

-carbon (graphite fibres)
-glass fibres
-ceramic
-metal

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20
Q

where is the pulp used to make lyocell sourced from?

A

-eucalyptus
-oak
-birch trees

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21
Q

how is eucalyptus a sustainable tree?

A

-it is a fast growing tree and doesn’t involve irrigation

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22
Q

why is sourcing wood pulp not environmentally friendly?

A

it uses heavy machinery to extract wood pulp, which relies on non renewable energy sources such as coal, petrol and oil

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23
Q

how is processing lyocell not environmentally friendly?

A

lyocell is processed in factories which use heavy machinery which depend on non-renewable energy sources such as petrol, coal and oil

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24
Q

where is lyocell usually made?

A

Offshore in countries such as China and in the continent of Asia

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25
what are microfibres?
extremely fine synthetic fibres which are mainly made of polyester and nylon (polyamide)
26
what are the properties of microfibres?
-lightweight -drape well -soft -strong
27
what is tactel?
a polyamide (nylon) micro-fibre
28
what is an easier, more sustainable way of dyeing natural fibres?
-dyeing them whilst they grow- this reduces the need for chemical dyes
29
how can fibres not be sustainable in their care?
the care for fibres includes washing them in detergents which can pollute water systems and use energy in tumble drying, which is damaging to the environment.
30
why are natural fibres better for disposing than synthetic fibres?
natural fibres are biodegradable, which means that biodegrade at a much faster rate than synthetic fibres, which end up sitting in landfill for many years.
31
what can ceramic fibres be used for?
-anti bacterial properties -thermal regulation e.g thermolite -UV protection e.g Esmo and Sunfit
32
what are some examples of metallic fibres?
-alluminium -steel -copper -silver -titanium -copper gold
33
all natural fibres, except silk are...
staple fibres
34
what are the key differences between cellulose/natural fibres and synthetic fibres?
1. natural fibres are good at absorbing moisture, meaning they take a while to dry VS synthetic fibres which are not good at absorbing moisture and therefore dry more quickly 2. natural fibres can be washed and ironed at high temps VS synthetic fibres which cannot be washed and ironed at high temps because they are thermoplastic 3. natural fibres crease and shrink easily VS synthetic fibres which do not shrink and do not crease much during normal use 4. Natural fibres set alight easily so can be dangerous VS synthetic fibres which do not set alight easily but will melt and drip- the molten fibre is hot and can cause severe burns
35
how and why does wool shrink?
the surface of the wool fibre consists of multiple overlapping scales. The scales on the wool fibre can lock together when the fibre is in the prescence of heat, moisture and friction, drawing the fibres closer together.
36
what are the properties of inorganic fibres?
-stronger -more resistant than other fibres -higher melting point than other fibres -more heat resistant than other fibres -more rigid -totally non-flammable
37
what are the properties of regenerated/manufactured fibres?
-absorbent (apart from acetate) -smooth in texture -good/elegant drape -breathable
38
what can be done to prevent natural fibres from shrinking and creasing easily?
Adding a fabric finish
39
what are the properties of wool?
-soft and warm due to it's natural crimp and fibres which can trap warm air -it is very good at absorbing moisture and can absorb up to 30% of its weight in water without feeling wet (due to the natural wax coating found on the surface of the fibres)
40
what are the negative qualities of wool?
-it creases and shrinks easily (however this can be prevented with a special fabric finish) -Because it is so absorbent it takes a long time to dry
41
what are the properties of silk?
-Silk is lightweight, smooth and has a high degree of lustre -it is a very strong fibre but can be very weak when wet (therefore it needs careful washing) -warm -absorbent -feels nice on the skin -it has a natural elasticity -can shrink incredibly easy
42
what are the properties of viscose?
-viscose is derived from cellulose and has similar properties to cotton -it is a strong fibre but weaker when wet -it can shrink and crease easily when wet -viscose has a silky feeling to it
43
what are the generic properties of synthetic fibres?
-abrasion resistant -lightweight -not good at absorbing moisture- therefore dry quickly -do not crease and shrink easily- easy care -they should not be washed and dried at high temperatures- this is because they have thermoplastic properties, so they will become soft when hot. If they are washed and dried at high temperatures, they will have creases on their surface which are incredibly hard to get out.
44
what is the outer surface layer of wool covered in?
a natural grease called 'lanolin' which makes the wool fibre water repellent
45
why are wool fibres insulating?
wool fibres have a natural crimp and when many fibres are spun together, the crimp and the scales will cause them to stand away from each other and trap air. This is what gives it ability to insulate.
46
why can synthetic fibres reflect light?
Due to their smooth surface, which allows them to reflect light, making synthetic fibres appear much more lustrous
47
why are synthetic fibres poor insulators?
Because the surface of synthetic fibres is so smooth it means that they cannot trap air within their fibres, and are therefore poor insulators.
48
what are the properties of ceramic fibres?
-have a high temperature resistance- can withstand temperatures of more than 1000 degrees -lightweight -low thermal conductivity -can resist attack from most corrosive chemicals
49
how can ceramic molecules be incorporated into synthetic fibres?
- by either coating ceramic fibres onto the synthetic fibres -encapsulating the ceramic fibres into the synthetic fibres
50
what are the properties of carbon?
-extremely thin -lightweight -relatively expensive compared to similar materials such as fibre glass
51
what are glass fibres made from?
made of extremely fine fibres of glass
52
how does sourcing fibres cause environmental issues?
growing cotton uses fertilisers and pesticides which can pollute the atmosphere and waterways, synthetic fibres are made from petrochemicals which come from non-renewable sources.
53
How do manufacturing and finishing processes of fibres cause environmental issues?
manufacturing and finishing processes use chemicals such as those found in dyestuffs, which can be damaging. Water and energy are also necessary for these processes.
54
what is tactel aquator?
tactel which wicks moisture away from the body, and is often used for underwear and sportswear fabrics
55
what is tactel diablo?
a lustrous fabric that drapes well ans is used for lingerie
56
what is the aftercare of Cotton?
-machine wash cold or warm -use mild detergents -separate cotton garments of the same colour- cotton fabric can bleed dyes -tumble dry low or medium heat -do not bleach (unless the fabric is pure white)
57
What other fibres is cotton typically blended with?
-wool -Viscose -Linen -Polyester -Elastane - nylon
58
what is the after care of linen?
-gentle machine wash with cold or luke warm water -hand wash for delicate items - do not bleach -mild detergent -tumble dry on low heat
59
what is Linen typically blended with?
-cotton -wool -polyester -viscose -silk -elastane
60
what is the after care of wool?
-hand wash, however you can use the 'wool cycle' on some washing machines, however it needs to be done using cold water and a mild detergent -do not bleach -iron on a very low setting whilst the fabric is still damp -airy dry flat and in the shade- sunlight can cause wool to fade -never tumble dry- can cause shrinkage or felting -use a fabric shaver as wool can pill over time
61
What can wool be blended with?
-Acrylic -Polyester -Viscose -Cotton -silk -elastane -nylon
62
what is the after care of silk?
-Do not machine wash- hand wash if needed using lukewarm or cold water but it is preferred that silk is dry cleaned -iron if needed on a low setting with the garment inside out and slightly damp -do not bleach -do not wring
63
what is silk typically blended with?
polyester, cotton, wool, linen, viscose
64
How are Monomers used to make polymers and what are they?
Monomers are short chains of molecules, however through the process of polymerisation they can make up long chains known as polymers. Polymers form the basis of synthetic fibres
65

A level textiles paper 1 (25 decks)

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