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Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology > Filamentous Gram Positive Bacteria > Flashcards

Filamentous Gram Positive Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What genera are included in the group of gram + filamentous branching bacteria?

A

Actinomyces, Nocardia, Actinobaculum, Trueperella, Dermatophilus

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the Actinomyces genus?

A

Strict anaerobe, gram +, exhibits true branching, non-motile/non-proteolytic, catalase negative

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3
Q

What is the ray fungus and why is it called that?

A

Genus Actinomyces due to the ray-like appearance of the organisms in the granules

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4
Q

What useful natural products are sourced from Streptomyces spp?

A

Antibiotics, parasiticides (ivermectin), and chemotherapeutic agents (bleomycin)

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5
Q

What type of organisms are Streptomyces spp.?

A

Soil organisms

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6
Q

What is the natural host/habitat of Actinomyces and Trueperella?

A

Host-associated: MMs, nasal cavity, pharynx

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7
Q

What is the natural host/habitat of Dermatophilus congolensis?

A

Maintained by carrier animals

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8
Q

What is the natural host/habitat of Nocardia and Streptomyces?

A

Environmental; Streptomyces spp. generally considered to be non-pathogenic

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9
Q

Describe the motility test.

A

Stab test into solid agar with colored organism and see if the color travels throughout the agar

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10
Q

What is the indicator in an anaerobic jar?

A

Methylene blue

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11
Q

What disease does Actinomyces bovis cause?

A

Bovine actinomycosis ‘lumpy jaw’, a chronic suppurative disease

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12
Q

Describe the transmission of Actinomyces bovis.

A

Endogenous; injuries to the oral mucosa

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13
Q

What conditions do Actinomyces and Nocardia cause in dogs and cats?

A

Pyothorax, SQ infections, and foreign body associated infections

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14
Q

What does Actinobaculum suis cause in pigs?

A

UTI

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15
Q

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in horses and cattle?

A

Rain scald

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16
Q

What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in sheep?

A

Lumpy wool and strawberry foot rot

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17
Q

Is Actinomyces bovis acute or chronic?

A

Chronic

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18
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovis.

A

Suppurative osteomyelitis of the mandible and maxilla; surrounding soft tissue reaction; sequelae: pulmonary and/or visceral actinomycosis; ‘sulfur’ granules in purulent exudate

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19
Q

What does Trueperella cause in cattle, pigs, and sheep?

A

Suppurative infections, laryngeal and liver abscesses, foot rot, septic arthritis

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20
Q

Trueperella is often seen with what other organism?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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21
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of lumpy jaw.

A

Lumps formed on joints inside mouth, lumps develop slowly, tissues in mouth become soft and swollen, +/- yellow pus, chewing difficult and painful, irregular loss of teeth, weakness and labored breathing

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22
Q

Describe the lab diagnosis for lumpy jaw.

A

Gather specimen through an open biopsy; aspiration material will contain sulfur granules (yellowish mycelial masses)

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23
Q

How should a specimen for diagnosis of lumpy jaw be transported to the lab?

A

Promptly and preferably in an anaerobic device

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24
Q

How should the specimen be prepared for diagnosis of lumpy jaw?

A

Discharge mixed with sterile saline and allowed to stand, particles will separate out; place between two slides and crush; gram stain or fluorescence stain; histopathology of tissue

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25
What does Actinomyces viscosus cause?
Actinomycosis in dogs
26
What are the two forms of Actinomyces viscosus?
Skin form: infection via skin wounds; Thoracic form: invasion from the oropharynx
27
How does the skin form of Actinomyces viscosus present?
Granulomatous abscess of skin and subcutis
28
How does the thoracic form of Actinomyces viscosus present?
Pyothorax; pleuritis; granulomatous lung lesion; gray-white 'sulfur granules' in exudates
29
Describe the therapy for Actinomyces viscosus.
Thoracic lavage, debridement of granulation tissue; antimicrobial therapy
30
What is the clinical significance of Actinomyces spp.?
Normal microbiota; causes a problem when it enters a normally sterile site via bites, inhaled grass awns, foreign bodies, etc.
31
Actinomyces spp. often present as a pyothorax, but what other sites can occur?
Pulmonary aspiration if grass; abdominal if foreign body migrates into abdomen (i.e. from GIT)
32
What is the recommended treatment for Actinomyces bovis in ruminants?
IV sodium iodide, although prognosis is guarded
33
What causes mastitis and SQ granulomatous lesions in sows?
Actinomyces suis
34
What two species cause disease in dogs characterized by skin lesions, pleuritis, peritonitis, and/or internal abscesses?
Actinomyces hordeovulneris and Actinomyces viscosus
35
What are the characteristics of the genus Nocardia?
Gram positive, branching filamentous rods, partially acid-fast, soil saprophytes
36
What kind of pathogen is Nocardia asteroides?
Opportunistic; causes infections in immunocompromised animals and humans
37
Describe the pathogenesis of Nocardia asteroides.
Chronic, suppurative granulomatous disease
38
How is canine and feline Nocardia transmitted?
Inhalation or soil contamination of wounds
39
Describe the pathogenesis of the cutaneous form of canine/feline nocardiosis.
SQ lesions resulting in abscesses, mycetoma, and regional lymphadenitis in dogs co-infected with distemper virus
40
Pyothorax in canine/feline nocardiosis results in what?
Pleuritis, empyema, or pneumonia characterized by mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, anorexia, hyperthermia, weight loss, cough dyspnea, and hemoptysis
41
Describe the pathogenesis of the systemic form of canine/feline nocardiosis.
Bacteremia; dissemination of organisms to multiple organs and tissues
42
True or false: the exudate seen with nocardiosis will always contain sulfur-like granules.
False: exudate may or may not contain 'sulfur-like granules'
43
What are opportunistic pathogens associated with suppurative to pyogranulomatous infections in animals and humans?
Nocardia spp
44
What should be considered in control and preventative approaches to Nocardia?
Environmental microflora
45
What are the main clinical signs in production and companion animals with Nocardia?
Mastitis, pneumonia, abscesses, and cutaneous-subcutaneous lesions
46
What are the characteristics of the genus Actinobaculum?
Diphtheroids similar to corynebacteria, may be pleomorphic, branching, and filamentous rods, gram +, anaerobic, no production of sulfur granules
47
What is Actinobaculum suis?
Commensal organism of the prepuce and pre-putial diverticulum of boars that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in pregnant sows
48
How is Actinobaculum suis transmitted?
Venereally from boar to sow
49
What are the clinical signs of Actinobaculum suis?
Pyuria; hematuria and sudden death due to kidney failure
50
What is the primary pathogen involved in cystitis and pyelonephritis in sows?
Actinobaculum suis
51
What is the oxygen requirement of Actinobaculum suis?
Obligate anaerobe
52
What is the effective means of treatment for Actinobaculum suis?
Injectable medications such as penicillin
53
What are the characteristics of the genus Trueperella?
Cells do not form filaments in most cases, growth requires 5-10% CO2 (capnophilic), no production of sulfur granules, formally corynebacterium, actinomyces, arcanobacterium
54
Describe the shape of organisms of the genus Trueperella.
Small, coccoid or pleomorphic non-motile rods that appear singly, in pairs, or short chains; the pairs are often V-shaped
55
Describe Trueperella pyogenes.
Opportunistic pathogen which produces cytolytic toxin that results in abscesses, mastitis, and pneumonia particularly in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine
56
What are the clinical signs of Trueperella pyogenes?
Wound infections, pneumonia, infections of the reproductive tract, septic arthritis, etc.
57
Describe the clinical significance of Trueperella pyogenes.
Associated with a wide variety of suppurative infections; opportunistic, so there is no classical presentation; spreading via septic emboli is a common theme; often a component of polymicrobial infections
58
Trueperella pyogenes is often associated with what other organism?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
59
What are the characteristics of Dermatophilus congolensis?
Gram +, filamentous rods, beta hemolysis on blood agar
60
What are the two morphologic forms of D. congolensis?
Nonmotile filamentous form; motile coccal zoospores: infectious form
61
How does D. congolensis appear on blood agar?
Small yellow pigmented colonies (1-3 mm in diameter) with a rough surface that give hemolysis on blood agar
62
What are the synonyms for Dermatophilosis in domestic animals?
Rainscald, streptothricosis, mycotic dermatitis, lumpy wool, and strawberry footrot
63
Dermatophilosis is most common in what species?
Ruminants and horses
64
How is dermatophilosis transmitted?
Via breaks in the skin
65
Describe the pathogenesis of dermatophilosis in domestic animals.
Epidermal invasion that results in acute inflammation, abscesses, and scab formation
66
Describe the clinical presentation of dermatophilosis in domestic animals.
Crusts (scabs) forming in the skin and hair loss
67
Describe equine dermatophilosis.
Skin infection affecting multiple species worldwide; signs include matted hair, crusts, alopecia, and wart-like lesions that can have a wide distribution
68
Describe the clinical significance of D. congolensis in dogs and cats.
Exudative skin disease; superficial on haired skin of dogs; causes abscessation in cats
69
Describe the treatment of D. congolensis.
Keep skin dry and clean; bathing; crust removal; antibiotics (penicillins) both topical and systemic
70
What are the key areas affected with dermatophilosis?
Skin of dorsum and legs
71
What are the key disease triggers of dermatophilosis?
Microtrauma and chronic wetting
72
What is the most cost-effective diagnostic test for dermatophilosis?
Routine cytology made from minced crusts or impression smears of the underside of crusts best observed with oil immersion
73
What is the topical antimicrobial of choice for the treatment of dermatophilosis?
Chlorhexidine

Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology (17 decks)

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