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Special Imaging > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 vital signs?

A

temperature
pulse
respiration rate
blood pressure

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2
Q

What is body temperature?

A

measurement of the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body

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3
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the body’s maintenance of heat production and heat loss

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4
Q

What plays an important role by removing excess heat through ventilation?

A

the respiratory system

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5
Q

How long should a thermometer be placed under the tongue when using a glass thermometer?

A

3 minutes

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6
Q

When using an electronic thermometer, how long should it be placed under the tongue?

A

20 seconds

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7
Q

What is normal body temperature?

A

98.6 F (37 C)

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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus dissipate heat?

A

sweating and peripheral vasodilation

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9
Q

How does the hypothalamus preserve heat?

A

Shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to conserve heat

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10
Q

What are the four methods of measuring body temperature?

A

Rectal
Oral
Axillary
Tympanic

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11
Q

How long should you wait before taking an oral temperature if the patient has ingested hot or cold liquids or foods or just smoked?

A

15-30 minutes

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12
Q

What is the least reliable measure of temperature?

A

axillary

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13
Q

What is the major muscle of ventilation?

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

What does a single respiration consist of?

A

one inspiration and one expiration

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15
Q

How may a respiratory rate be obtained?

A

by observing the rise and fall of the chest

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16
Q

What is normal respiratory rate for an adult?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

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17
Q

What is normal respiration rate for children under 10?

A

20-30 breaths per minute

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18
Q

What is normal respiration for newborns?

A

30-60 breaths per minute

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19
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute

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20
Q

What are common causes of tachypnea?

A

exercise
fever
anxiety
pain
infection
heart failure
chest trauma
decreased oxygen in blood
central nervous system disease

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21
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

decrease in respiratory rate

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22
Q

What are common causes of bradypnea?

A

depression of respiratory center of brain
drug overdose
head trauma
hypothermia

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23
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

difficulty breathing

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24
Q

What is apnea?

A

absence of breathing

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25
Q

What is a pulse?

A

produced each time the left ventricle of the heart contracts and forces blood into the aorta and peripheral arteries

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26
Q

What is resting pulse rate in an adult?

A

60-100 bpm

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27
Q

What is normal pulse rate in children under 10?

A

70-120

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28
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

heart rate greater than 100 bpm

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29
Q

What are causes of tachycardia?

A

exercise
fever
anemia
respiratory disorders
congestive heart failure
hypoxemia
shock

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30
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

pulse rate less than 60 bpm

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31
Q

What are causes of bradycardia?

A

unrelieved severe pain
some drugs- such as a beta blocker
resting in supine position

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32
Q

What is a thready pulse?

A

weak difficult to count indicates poor blood flow

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33
Q

What are the locations of pulse?

A

temporal
carotid
apical
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
pedal

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34
Q

Where is the temporal pulse?

A

pulse on each side of the temple: temporal artery

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35
Q

Where is the carotid pulse?

A

the pulse felt along the large carotid artery on either side of the neck

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36
Q

Where is the apical pulse?

A

pulse taken with stethoscope and near the apex of the heart

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37
Q

Where is the brachial pulse?

A

the pulse felt in the upper arm

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38
Q

Where is the radial pulse

A

the pulse felt at the wrist

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39
Q

Where is the femoral pulse?

A

pulse of the femoral artery felt in the groin

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40
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse?

A

behind the knee

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41
Q

Where is the pedal pulse?

A

obtained on the top of the foot

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42
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

a measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of blood vessels, particularly large arteries, as it is pumped through the body

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43
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted on blood vessels when the heart is contracting

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44
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

pressure exerted on blood vessels when heart is at rest

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45
Q

What is blood pressure measured in?

A

millimeters of mercury

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46
Q

What is average adult systolic range?

A

100-140

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47
Q

What is average adult diastolic range?

A

60-90

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48
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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49
Q

What is hypotension?

A

low blood pressure

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50
Q

What are factors that affect blood pressure?

A

age
gender
blood volume
stress
pain
exercise
weight
race
diet
medications
position

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51
Q

What is medical asepsis?

A

any practice that helps reduce the number and spread of microorganisms

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52
Q

What is surgical aspesis?

A

complete removal of microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object

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53
Q

What are the 6 methods of sterilization?

A

steam under pressure
gas
chemical
dry heat
ionizing radiation
microwaves/nonionizing radiation

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54
Q

What are basic principles of sterile technique?

A

-If in doubt about sterility consider it unsterile
-Sterile persons should avoid unsterile areas
-Anything below table or waist is unsterile
-Gowns are sterile on sleeves and front from waist up
-Sterile persons pass each other back to back
-Sterile person only touches sterile things
-Unsterile person do not reach above or over sterile field
-Sterile materials must be kept dry
-Wet area should be redraped
-Sterile gloves kept above waist level

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55
Q

What is a peripheral angiography?

A

radiologic examination of the arteries of the legs and or arms after injection of contrast

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56
Q

What are indications for peripheral angiography?

A

-atherosclerosis disease
-vessel occlusion and stenosis
-trauma
-neoplasm
-embolus and thrombus
-arteriovenous malformations
-thoracic outlet syndrome

57
Q

What is the recommended contrast dose for peripheral angiography for lower extremities?

A

30 ml unilateral
50-70 ml bilateral
at a rate of 8-10 ml per second

58
Q

What is the recommended contrast dose for peripheral angiography for distal arm and forearm?

A

15-24 ml over a period of 2-4 seconds

59
Q

What are complications of peripheral angiography?

A

increased rate of femoral thrombosis
upper extremity: arterial spasm, arterial thrombosis, injection of contrast into wrong vessel, local hematoma and nerve root damage

60
Q

What is cerebral angiography?

A

study of blood vessels in the brain

61
Q

What are pathological indications for cerebral angiography?

A

vascular stenosis and occlusions
aneurysms
trauma
arteriovenous malformations
neoplastic disease
tumors

62
Q

What is the catheterizations approach for cerebral angiography?

A

femoral- catheter advanced into aortic arch and vessel to be imaged is selected

common carotid, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

63
Q

What are the 3 main branches off the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

64
Q

What is the left common carotid artery?

A

originates at the highest point of the aortic arch ascends to the left sternoclavicular joint where it enters the neck

65
Q

What are the common carotid arteries?

A

unequal in length with the left one being 4-5 cm longer than the right

66
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

formed by the anterior communicating and the posterior communicating arteries

67
Q

What are complications of cerebral angiography?

A

hematoma at puncture site
hemiparesis
loss of vision
gangrene of lower extremity

68
Q

What is angiography?

A

exam of vascular structures within the body after the injection of contrast

69
Q

What are types of angiographic procedures?

A

arteriography
venography
angiography
lymphagraphy

70
Q

What are indications for angiography?

A

verify presence of tumors
internal bleeding
stenosis
occlusions
aneurysms
heart disease

71
Q

What are contraindications of angiography?

A

previous severe reaction to contrast
impaired renal function
impaired blood clotting factors
inability to undergo surgical procedure

72
Q

What is seldinger technique?

A

needle punctures both walls of vessel
needle withdrawn until blood flow back
guidewire inserted through needle
needle comes out leaving guidewire in place
catheter inserted over guidewire into vessel
guidewire removed

73
Q

What is pre-procedural care for angiography?

A

limited to liquid diet and routine medications
adequate hydration
history of vitals taken
informed consent
anticoagulant
lab tests to see kidney function

74
Q

What is post procedural care for angiography?

A

catheter removed- compression applied
bed rest minimum 4 hrs
head elevated 30 degrees
vital signs
extremity watch

75
Q

What are risks/complications for angiography?

A

bleeding at puncture site
thrombus formation
embolus formation
dissection of vessel
puncture site infection
contrast reaction

76
Q

When was the first operative or immediate cholangiogram performed?

A

1932

77
Q

When is an operative cholangiogram performed?

A

before or following surgical removal of gallbaldder

78
Q

What are advantages of laproscopy?

A

performed as outpatient procedure
minimally invasive
reduced hospital time
reduced cost

79
Q

Where is the cassette placed for operative cholangiogram?

A

14 x 17 top just below right axilla

80
Q

What are indications for postoperative T-tube cholangiography?

A

residual calculi
strictures

81
Q

What are contraindications for postoperative T-tube cholangiography?

A

hypersensitivity to contrast
acute infection of biliary system
elevated creatinine or BUN levels

82
Q

What contrast media is used for postoperative T-tube cholangiography?

A

iodinated water soluble

83
Q

What are diagnostic indications for ERCP?

A

stenosis dilation obstruction or small lesions within biliary or pancreatic ducts

post operative or postoperative procedure

inconclusive gallbladder studies

84
Q

What are therapeutic indications for ERCP?

A

spincterotomy
stones removed
biliary duct stenosis dilation
pancreatic stones removed

85
Q

What are contraindications for ERCP?

A

pancreatic pseudocytes
acute pancreatitis
septic cholangitis

86
Q

What are different types of sedatives for ERCP?

A

demeral
valium
versed

87
Q

What is narcan?

A

drugs that reverse the effectiveness of sedatives

88
Q

What contrast media is used for ERCP?

A

water based iodinated
renographin- ionic
isovue- nonionic

89
Q

What is hyterosalpinggraphy?

A

radiographic exam of female reproductive system

90
Q

What are indications for hysterosalpingography?

A

-Infertility
-Habitual abortion
-Abnormal uterine bleeding
-Absence of mensus
-Suspected blockage of fallopian tube
-Intrauterine or pelvic masses
-Fistula
-Congenital abnormalities
-Pelvic pain

91
Q

What are therapeutic indications for hystersalpingography?

A

-restore fallopian tubal patency by opening blocked tubes
-dilating narrowing tubes
-straightening kinked tubes

92
Q

What are contraindications for hystersalpingography?

A

-acute pelvic inflammatory disease
- active uterine bleeding
-pregnancy

93
Q

What contrast media is used for hystersalpingography?

A

water soluble iodine- singrafin
iodized oil- lipiodol

94
Q

What are complications of hystersalpingography?

A

-hemorrhage
-spread of pre-existing infection
-peritonitis

95
Q

What are abnormal findings in hystersalpingography?

A

-congenital abnormalities
-diverticula of fallopian tubes
-dilation of fallopian tubes because of partial obstruction
-peri tubal adhesions
-fibroid tumors or polyps

96
Q

What is lymphangiophy?

A

study of the lymph vessels carried out within 1 hour of contrast

97
Q

What is lymphadenography?

A

study of lymph nodes performed 24 hours after contrast

98
Q

What are indications for lymphography?

A

-assess clinical extent of lymphoma
-staging of radiation treatment
-obstruction of lymphatic system
-locating nodes for biopsy or surgical removal

99
Q

What are contraindications for lymphography?

A

-sensitivity to vital dye
-respiratory insufficiency
-concurrent radiation therapy to the lungs

100
Q

What contrast media is used for lymphography?

A

oil based- ethiodol

101
Q

What are the vital dye for lymphography?

A

-patent blue V
-evans blue
-brilliant blue
-direct sky blue

102
Q

What is the setting on automatic injector for lymphgraphy?

A

0.1-0.2 ml/min

103
Q

What are the routine radiographs for lymphography?

A

lower extremities
AP pelvis
AP abdomen
RPO/LPO abdomen

104
Q

When is lymphography performed?

A

two different days, 24 hours apart

105
Q

Ethiodol remains in lymph vessels, nodes, abnormal nodes for?

A

3-4 hours
3-4 weeks
several months

106
Q

What is the total injection time for lymphography?

A

30-45 minutes

107
Q

What are complications for lymphography?

A

contrast reactions
pain and possible vessel rupture
emboli
infection at injection site

108
Q

What is athrography?

A

x-ray of joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint

109
Q

What are indications of knee arthrogram?

A

tears of joint capsule, menisci or ligaments maybe caused by trauma
bakers cyst

110
Q

What are contraindications of knee arthrogram?

A

allergy to contrast

111
Q

How do you image for a knee arthrogram?

A

rotate leg 20 degrees for each picture; 9 exposures of each meniscus

112
Q

How much contrast is given for dual contrast knee arthrogram?

A

5 ml low density positive medium
80-100 ml negative medium (air)

113
Q

How much contrast is used for a single contrast shoulder srthrogram?

A

10-12 ml positive (omnipaque 300)

114
Q

How much contrast is used for a double contrast shoulder arthrogram?

A

3-4 ml of positive
10-12 ml of negative

115
Q

What is the routine positioning for a shoulder arthrogram?

A

Scout AP
internal
external
glenoid fossa
transaxillary
intertubercular groove

116
Q

What is a myelogram?

A

study the spinal canal and its nerve roots through introduction of contrast

117
Q

What are indications of myelogram?

A

-benign and malignant tumors
-lesions present in spinal canal or protrude into canal
-cysts
-herniated nucleus pulposus
-bone fragments

118
Q

What are contraindications of myelogram?

A

-blood in CSF
-arachnoiditis
-increased intracranial pressure
-recent lumbar puncture

119
Q

What kind of contrast media is used for myelogram?

A

-positive nonionic iodine based water soluble
-metrizamide/amipaque
-9-15 ml taking 1-2 min

-Oil soluble contrast
-pantopaque
-absorbed slowly if not removed; 1 cc per year

-negative
-air-pneumyelogram
-40-100 ml

120
Q

Where are the two puncture sites for myelograms?

A

L3-L4
C1-C2

121
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

122
Q

What are the three body positions for myelogram lumbar puncture?

A

prone
erect
left lateral with knee flex up and head bent down

123
Q

CSF is sent to the lab to test for?

A

blood cell count
protein
sugar
vdrl
elevated WBC/RBC or protein

124
Q

What are complications of myelogram?

A

headaches
nausea
injection of contrast into wrong areas
irritation to nerves
poor visualization
vomiting

125
Q

How high above access site is the IV pole?

A

18-24 in

126
Q

When do reactions happen?

A

5-20 minutes after injection

127
Q

What is normal creatinine level?

A

0.6-1.5 ml/dl

128
Q

What is normal BUN level?

A

8-25 mg/dl

129
Q

What color is an 18 gauage?

A

green

130
Q

What color is a 20 gauage?

A

pink

131
Q

What color is a 22 gauge?

A

blue

132
Q

What color is a 24 gauge?

A

yellow

133
Q

What are the 5 patient rights?

A

contrast
amount
patient
time
route

134
Q

What are signs and symptoms of infiltrates?

A

redness
swelling
pain or tenderness

135
Q

What are mild contrast reactions?

A

nausea/vomiting
anxiety
light headedness

136
Q

What are moderate contrast reactions?

A

tachycradia
bradycardia
hypertension
dyspnea
wheezing

137
Q

What are severe contrast reactions?

A

convulsions
cyanosis
pulmonary edema
shock
cardiac arrest
laryngospasm
respiratory arrest
death

138
Q

What is the treatment protocol for infiltrates?

A

elevate extremity
apply warm or cool compress

139
Q

What patients are at higher risk for infiltrates?

A

1 patients unable to tell you where their problem is
2 patients with impaired circulation
3 patients receiving chemo through IV

Special Imaging (7 decks)

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