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Special Imaging > Final L > Flashcards

Final L Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 vital signs?

A

body temperature
respiration rate
pulse
blood pressure

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2
Q

What are the four methods of measuring body temperature?

A

oral
axillary
tympanic
rectal

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3
Q

What is normal respiration rate for adults?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

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4
Q

What is normal respiration rate for children under 10?

A

20-30 breaths per minute

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5
Q

What is normal respiration rate for newborns?

A

30-60 breaths per minute

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6
Q

What is resting pulse rates in a normal adult?

A

60-100 per minute

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7
Q

What is normal pulse for children under 10?

A

70-120 per minute

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8
Q

What are the methods of sterilzation?

A

-Steam under pressure

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9
Q

What are the methods of sterilization?

A

-Steam under pressure
-gas
-Chemicals
-DrY heat
-Ionizing radiation
-Microwaves/nonionizing radiation

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10
Q

What are a few basic principles of sterile technique?

A

-If in doubt of an object, consider it unsterile
- Sterile persons should avoid unsterile areas
-Gowns are considered sterile on the sleeves and the front from the waist up
-A sterile person touches only what is sterile
-Sterile materials must be kept dry
-Hands covered in sterile gloves should be kept in sight and above waist level
-A sterile person does not lean over an unsterile area

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11
Q

How high above the access site does the IV pole need to be?

A

18-24 inches

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12
Q

What color is an 18 gauge?

A

green

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13
Q

What color is a 20 gauge?

A

pink

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14
Q

What color is a 22 gauge?

A

blue

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15
Q

What color is a 24 gauge?

A

yellow

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16
Q

How long does it take for reaction to show?

A

5-20 minutes

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17
Q

What are mild drug reactions signs and symptoms?

A

-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Cough
-Warm feeling
-Headache
-Dizziness
-Shaking
-Itching
-Strange taste in mouth
-Pallor
-Flushing chills
-Sweats
-Hives
-Nasal stuffiness
-Swelling about the eyes and face
-Anxiety

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18
Q

What are moderate reaction signs and symptoms?

A

-Tachycardia
-Bradycardia
-Hypotension
-Pronounced cutaneous reaction
-Hypertension
-Dyspnea
-Bronchospasm
-Wheezing
-Laryngeal edema

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19
Q

What are severe reaction signs and symptoms?

A

-Laryngeal edema
-Convulsions
-Profound hypotension
-Cardiac arrhythmias
-Unresponsiveness
-Cardiac arrest

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20
Q

What is negative contrast media?

A

composed of low-atomic number elements; appears radiolucent on image(black)

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21
Q

What is positive contrast media?

A

composed of higher-atomic number elements; appears radiopaque on image (white)

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22
Q

What are advantages of nonionic, LOCM?

A

-Lower osmolality
-No ionic breakdown and less toxic at cellular level
-More water soluble in blood plasma
-Warmed to decrease viscosity
-Less likely to cause patient reaction
-More tolerable by patients
-High contrast effect resulting from number of iodine atoms per molecule
-Reduced injection volumes

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23
Q

What are signs of IV contrast medium infiltration?

A

redness, swelling, and/or tenderness at the IV site

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24
Q

What are symptoms of IV contrast medium infiltration?

A

Burning or tingling sensation during contrast medium injection

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25
Q

What is treatment for IV contrast medium infiltration?

A

-Stop contrast infusion
-Elevate the extremity above the heart
-Notify the radiologist
-Attempt to aspirate any contrast from the tissue using the IV access device
-Apply dry ice packs or dry hot packs per radiologist
-Massage tissue area to distribute contrast and allow it to be absorbed
-Assess extremity for redness, skin blisters, or ulceration..
-Plastic surgeon consulted for infiltrates over 30 cc
-Incident report completed to assist with Quality Improvement monitoring

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26
Q

What is lymphadenography?

A

Radiographic study of the lymph nodes performed 24 hours after the injection of contrast media

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27
Q

How long after injection is a lymphadenogram performed?

A

24 hours

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28
Q

What are indications of Lymphography?

A

-Assess the clinical extent of lymphoma
-Staging of radiation treatment
-Obstruction or other impairment of the lymphatic system
-Locating nodes for biopsy or surgical removal

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29
Q

What are contraindications of lymphography?

A

-Sensitivity to the vital dye, contrast media or local anesthetic
-Respiratory insufficiency
-Concurrent radiation therapy to the lungs

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30
Q

What is injected for lymphography?

A

vital dye (blue)

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31
Q

What are the 4 vital dyes?

A

-Patent Blue
-Evans Blue
-Brilliant Blue GFF
-Direct Sky Blue

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32
Q

What contrast media is used for lymphography?

A

Iodized oil- Ethiodol

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33
Q

What is the recommended rate of injection for lymphography?

A

0.1-0.2 ml/minute

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34
Q

How long is total injection time for lymphography?

A

30-45 minutes

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35
Q

What are the routine radiographs for lymphography?

A

-Lower extremity
-AP Pelvis
-AP Abdomen
-RPO/LPO Abdomen\

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36
Q

What are indications for knee arthrography?

A

-Tears of the joint capsule, menisci or ligaments maybe caused by trauma; Baker’s Cyst

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37
Q

What are contraindications for knee arthrography?

A

Known to be allergic to an iodine based contrast medium or local anethetics

38
Q

What is an Arthrostress?

A

Helps position the knee

39
Q

What contrast media is used for knee arthrography?

A

radiolucent medium or radiopaque water-soluble medium or a combination of both

40
Q

What type of study is the method of choice for knee arthrography?

A

dual contrast

41
Q

How much contrast media is injected for knee arthrography?

A

5 ml of relatively low density positive medium along with 80-100 ml of a negative medium(carbon dioxide, oxygen or room air)

42
Q

What do you do after the contrast media is injected for knee arthrography?

A

The knee is flexed which produces a thin even coating of the soft tissue structures with the positive medium

43
Q

How much contrast media is used for
single shoulder arthrography?

A

10-12 ml of positive contrast (Omnipaque 300)

44
Q

How much contrast media is used for double contrast shoulder arthrography?

A

3-4 ml of positive and 10-12 ml of negative contrast

45
Q

Which exam is believed to be the exam of choice for shoulder arthrography?

A

Double

46
Q

What are the routine images for shoulder arthrography?

A

Patient upright or supine
Suggested:
-Scout AP projections (Internal & External)
-Glenoid Fossa
-Transaxillary or Tubercular groove projection

47
Q

How many times do you take images for shoulder arthrography?

A

Before and After contrast injection

48
Q

What happens if the patients radiographs appear normal after contrast is injected for shoulder arthrography?

A

The patient is directed to exercise the shoulder and the radiographs are repeated

49
Q

What are indications of myelograms?

A

-Benign or malignant tumors
-Lesions that may be present within the spinal canal or may protrude into the canal
-Cysts
-Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
-In case of trauma- bone fragments
-Most pathology occurs in the cervical or lumbar spine

50
Q

What are contraindications of myelograms?

A

-Blood in CSF
-Arachnoiditis (inflammation of the arachnoid membrane)
-Increased intracranial pressure
-Recent lumbar puncture (within 2 weeks of the current procedure)

51
Q

What contrast media is used for myelogram?

A

Positive nonionic iodine based water soluble or oil soluble contrast media

52
Q

What is the positive nonionic iodine based water soluble contrast used for myelogram?

A

Metrizamide/amipaque

53
Q

How much Metrizamide/amipaque is used for myelogram?

A

9-15 ml slowly injected over 1-2 minutes

54
Q

How long does it take for absorption to begin for a myelogram using positive nonionic iodine based water soluble contrast?

A

within 30 minutes after injection with good radiopacity up to one hour after injection

55
Q

What is the name of the oil soluble contrast used for myelogram?

A

Pantopaque

56
Q

How long does it take for Pantopaque to be absorbed for myelogram?

A

Absorbed slowly if not removed- at a rate of 1cc per year

57
Q

Where is the most common 2 puncture sites for myelogram?

A

L3-L4
C1-C2

58
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

The interspace between L1-L2

59
Q

What are the 3 body positions for lumbar puncture?

A

-Prone
-Erect
-Left lateral with knees flexed up to the chest and head bent down

60
Q

What test are CSF sent to the lab for?

A

-Blood cell count-WBC/RBC
-Protein
-Sugar- Low sugar levels-meningitis
-VDRL- syphilis
-Elevated RBC/WBC or protein

61
Q

What ae complications of myelograms?

A

-Any spinal puncture may procedure headaches and nausea
-Injection of contrast media into the inappropriate space
-Spinal needle positioned to cause irritation to nerves
-Inadequate filing of the subarachnoid space can result in poor visualization of structures or pathology
-Contrast media complications- headache; nausea and vomiting

62
Q

What are indications for hysterosalpingograms?

A

-Infertility
-Habitual abortion
-Abnormal uterine blocking
-Absence of menses
-Suspected blockage of the fallopian tubes
-Identifying intrauterine and pelvic masses
-Fistula
-Congenital abnormalities
-Pelvic pain

63
Q

What are therapeutic indications for hysterosalpingogram?

A

-restore fallopian tube patency by opening blocked tubes
-Dilating narrowed tubes
-Straightening kinked tubes

64
Q

What are contraindications for hysterosalpingograms?

A

-Acute pelvis inflammation disease
-Active uterine bleeding
-Pregnanacy

65
Q

What contrast media is used for hystersalpingogram?

A

-Water soluble iodine- Sinografin
-Iodinized Oil- Lipidol

66
Q

Why is water soluble iodine (Sinografin) used for hysterosalpingogram?

A

-quickly absorbed ( approx. 1 hour)
-Radiopacity moderate
-Demonstrates mucosal pattern well
-No possibility of embolic formation

67
Q

What are complications of hysterosalpingogram?

A

-Hemorrhage
-Spread of a pre-existing infection
-Peritinitis

68
Q

What are the radiographic findings of hysterosalpingogram?

A

-Congenital abnormalities- single fallopian tube
-Diverticula of the fallopian tubes
-Dilation of the fallopian tube because of partial obstruction
-Peri tubal adhesions
-Fibroid tumors or polyps

69
Q

What are indications for ERCP?

A

Diagnostic-
-Stenosis, dilation, obstruction or small lesions within the biliary or pancreatic ducts
-Pre-operative or postoperative procedure
-Inconclusive gallbladder studies

Therapeutic-
-Spinecterotomy may be performed to repair a stenosis of the sphincter of oddi or the facilitate stone removal from the bile ducts
-Stones can be removed either by threading a balloon catheter beyond the stone, inflating the balloon and then with drawing the balloon and stones into the duodenum or by using a basket catheter to retrieve the stone
-Biliary ducts stenoses can be treated by dilation with a balloon catheter, by stent placement or by balloon dilation along with stent placement
-Pancreatic stones can also be removed by using either a balloon catheter or a stone basket for retrival

70
Q

What medications are used for hysterosalpingogram?

A

-Xylocaine- local anethestic
-Sedatives- Dermel valium

71
Q

What is narcan or mazicon?

A

drugs that reverse the effectiveness of the sedatives

72
Q

What contrast media is used for hysterosalpingogram?

A

Water based iodinated contrast
-Renographin M60- ionic
-Isovue 300- nonionic

73
Q

Where is the cassette for mobile chloangiogram?

A

14x17- top of the cassette just below right axilla

74
Q

What are the advantages of laparoscopic cholangiogram?

A

-It can be performed as an outpatient procedure
-Minimally invasive procedure
-requires reduced hospital time over other procedures with reduced cost

75
Q

What are clinical indications for Post Operative T-Tube Cholangiogram?

A

-Residual Calculi
-Strictures

76
Q

What are contraindications for Post operative T-Tube cholangiogram?

A

-Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media
-Acute infection of the biliary system
-Elevated creatinine or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

77
Q

What contrast media is used for Post operative T-tube cholangiogram?

A

-Iodinated water soluble contrast medium
-Might be diluted concentration to prevent obscuring a small calculi

78
Q

What are indications for angiograms?

A

-Verifying the presence of tumors
-Internal bleeding
-Stenosis
-Occlusions
-Aneurysms
-Heart Disease

79
Q

What are contraindications for angiograms?

A

-Previous severe reaction to contrast
-Impaired renal function
-Impaired blood clotting factors
-Inability to undergo surgical procedure

80
Q

What is a biplane c-arm injector?

A
81
Q

What is an automatic injector?

A

-Maintain flow rates
-Includes heating device
-Contrast must be administered at a consistent speed

82
Q

What is pressure injectors?

A

-Warms contrast- improve viscosity
-Piston- motor driven plunger
-Flashing light- audible tone- message
-prevents excessive pressure

83
Q

Where is the seldinger technique used

A

femoral artery

84
Q

What is preprocedural care for angiograms?

A

-Liquid only diet
-Adequate hydration
-Iv line placed
-history taken
-Informed consent

85
Q

What is postprocedural care for angiograms?

A

-Catheter removed- compression applied
-bed rest- minimum 4 hours with head elevated 30 degrees
-Vital signs
-Extremity watch

86
Q

What are risks/complications of angiograms?

A

-Bleeding at puncture site
-thrombus formation
-Embolus formation
-Dissection of vessel
-Puncture site infection
-Contrast reaction

87
Q

What are pathologic indications for cerebral angiogram?

A

-Vascular stenosis and occlusions
-Aneurysms
-Trauma
-Arteriovenous malformations
-neoplastic disease
-Tumors

88
Q

Where is the catheter placed for cerebral angiogram?

A

femoral approach

89
Q

What are the 3 major branches of the aorta?

A

-Brachiocephalic
-Left Common carotid
-Left Subclavian

90
Q

What are complications of cerebral angiogram?

A

-local ,neurologic or systemic complications
-Common- hematoma, extravasation of the contrast media at the puncture site

91
Q

What are indications for peripheral angiogram?

A

-Arthrosclerosis disease
-Vessel occlusion and stenosis
-Trauma
-Neoplasm
-Embolus and thrombus
-Arteriovenous malformation

92
Q

How much contrast is used for peripheral angiogram?

A

20-30 ml unilateral
50-70 ml for bilateral
at rate of 8-10ml/s

Special Imaging (7 decks)

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