Quiz 3

Question 1

Contrast reactions generally occur within the first ____ minutes of injection.

Answer 1

5-20

Question 2

What are a few mild reaction signs and symptoms?

Answer 2

nausea, vomiting, cough, warm feeling, headache, dizziness, shaking, itching…

Question 3

What are a few moderate reaction signs and symptoms?

Answer 3

tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension…

Question 4

What are a few severe reaction signs and symptoms?

Answer 4

convulsions, profound hypotension, cardiac arrest

Question 5

What are the 4 methods of introducing contrast media?

Answer 5

1) ingestion- Oral barium
2) retrograde- retrograde urography
3) intrathecal- myelogram, cystography
4) parenteral- intravenous

Question 6

What are the five radiographic densities?

Answer 6

air(gas), fat, water, mineral, & metal

Question 7

What is the purpose of contrast study?

Answer 7

to visualize anatomic structures that are not normally seen on a diagnostic medical image

Question 8

What is the atomic number of barium?

Answer 8

56

Question 9

What is the atomic number of Iodine?

Answer 9

53

Question 10

What is the atomic number of air & gas?

Answer 10

8

Question 11

What are contrast media used for?

Answer 11

to increase the atomic number of tissues in order to visualize them through increased subject contrast

Question 12

What does photoelectric interaction result in?

Answer 12

the x-ray photon being totally absorbed and not striking the image receptor

Question 13

What are the types of contrast media?

Answer 13

negative, positive & specialty

Question 14

What is an example of a negative contrast media?

Answer 14

air/gas; composed of low-atomic number elements (appears radiolucent on image)

Question 15

What is an example of a positive contrast media?

Answer 15

barium; composed of higher-atomic number elements (appears radiopaque on image)

Question 16

Is gadolinium contrast?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

What color will a negative contrast appear on an image?

Answer 17

black

Question 18

What color will a positive contrast appear on an image?

Answer 18

white

Question 19

Why is air not used more often as a contrast media?

Answer 19

low persistence (no control over air

Question 20

What are some characteristics of a perfect contrast media?

Answer 20

-very-high contrast visualization
-extremely low toxicity to patient
-persistence in patient anatomy until imaging is completed
-low cost
-minimal or no side effects

Question 21

What are some key contrast characteristics?

Answer 21

-Ability of agents to mix with body fluids
-viscosity
-ionic strength
-persistence in the body
-iodine content
-osmolality
-potential for toxicity

Question 22

What are some popular contrast choices?

Answer 22

barium sulfate, air/gas, oil-based iodine contrast agents, water-soluble iodine contrast agents

Question 23

For barium studies of the GI tract, you would use what kind of contrast for suspected perforations?

Answer 23

water-soluble

Question 24

What are the two ions on Ionic contrast agents?

Answer 24

Anion and Cation

Question 25

What is osmolality?

Answer 25

the measure of the total number of particles in solution per kilogram of water

Question 26

Most adverse reactions to contrast result from?

Answer 26

the osmolality of the agent

Question 27

Ionic contrast agents have higher or lower osmolarity than non-ionic contrast agents

Answer 27

higher

Question 28

What are some advantages nonionic, LOCM?

Answer 28

-lower osmolality
-no ionic breakdown and less toxic at cellular level
-more water soluble in blood plasma
-warmed to decrease viscosity
-less likely to cause patient reaction
-more tolerable by patients
-high contrast effect resulting from number of iodine atoms per molecule
-reduced injection volumes

Question 29

What are some reactions of anaphylactoid reactions?

Answer 29

wheezing, throat swelling, nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrest

Question 30

What are the three categories of patient reactions?

Answer 30

mild, moderate & severe

Question 31

How much contrast is given to a child?

Answer 31

1/2 mL per pound; if over 100lb usually given full dose