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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy people

A

Acts as a guide so we know what needs to be changed in our society
Details a plan as to how to get the desired changes
Tracks progress over the years
Set of health goals and objectives for the US that defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy

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2
Q

Medicare

A

cares for the elderly

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3
Q

Medicaid

A

cares for the poor

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4
Q

Public

A

actions that society takes to improve their health

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5
Q

Community:

A

health status of a group of people and how they work to improve it.

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6
Q

Six Dimensions of Health

A

Physical
Emotional
Social
Intellectual/mental
Spiritual
Environmental / Occupational

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7
Q

Physical Factors of Community Health

A

geography, environment, community size, infrastructure/ industrial development

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8
Q

Geography

A

how the climate affects health ex. Parasites & insects →warm and humid climates →communicable diseases

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9
Q

Environment

A

how we treat our environment= quality of environment

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10
Q

Community size

A

larger the community= health problems & resources; community planning is essential

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11
Q

Infrastructure/Industrial Development

A

more resources= environmental pollution & occupational injuries & illnesses

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12
Q

10 Greatest Public Health Achievements

A

Vaccination (smallpox = #1)
Motor vehicle safety
Safer workplaces
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
Safer and healthier foods
Healthier mothers and babies
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
“Germ theory of disease”: proved that disease comes from bacteria
He’s the one who pasteurization is named after

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14
Q

Nongovernmental:

A

Deal with unmet health needs, funded by donations and membership dues.

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15
Q

Governmental

A

Government-funded facilities; Tax dollars and managed by government officials;
International; National; State; local

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16
Q

International

A

WHO; technical cooperation; control & eradicate disease; improve quality of people’s lives

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17
Q

National

A

each nation has their own; health welfare

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18
Q

State Health Agencies;

A

has their own; promote , protect and maintain the health & wellfare of their citizens

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19
Q

Local

A

city or county givernments; controlled by state; services are mandated by state laws; controls laws

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20
Q

CDC

A

Leading US health agency; Concerned with health promotion, education, environmental health, and disease control.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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21
Q

NIH

A

Research division of U.S Department of Health and Human Services; part of U.S Public Health Service
National institutes of Health

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22
Q

FDA

A

Make food, medicines, and cosmetic products safer for use. Also regulate tobacco and radiation-emitting products.
Food and Drug Administration

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23
Q

EPA

A

federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining, and enforcing environmental standards, also levy fines
Environmental Protection Agency

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24
Q

Voluntary

A

nonprofit organization created by concerned citizens to deal with a health need not met by government health agencies
March of Dimes The American Cancer Society, the AMerican Heart Association

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25
Philanthropic
an endowed institution that donates money for the good of humankind Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, Commonwealth fund
26
Corporations
Create health programs at work so people don’t get sick/ unhealthy and won’t have to pay as much for health This helps the company so they don’t have to pay health insurance
27
School health program
By teaching children about healthy habits early on, they are less likely to indulge in harmful behaviors later in life.
28
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution of health events in specific populations, and the use of this study to control health problems.
29
Endemic
Diseases that are recurrent in a population but are not considered epidemics (less cases).
30
Epidemic
An unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, behavior, or event in a particular population (more cases).
31
Pandemic
Disease outbreak over a large geographic area (continent or bigger).
32
Chronic disease:
Disease’s symptoms last for over 3 months.
33
Morbidity
sickness
34
Mortality
death
35
Life expectancy; Lowest location
Central African Republic (50 M, 52 F)
36
Life expectancy; highest location
Japan (80 M, 87 F)
37
Life expectancy; US men
76
38
Life expectancy; US Women
81
39
Primary
Original data collected first hand (interviews, etc).
40
Secondary
Data collected by someone else, usually for a different purpose. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, Behavioral Risk Surveillance System, etc.
41
Behavioral Risk Surveillance System
Telephone survey conducted by the CDC Assesses the prevalence of high risk behaviors in adults (smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, lack of preventative healthcare)
42
Primary Prevention Level
forestall the onset of illness (stopping it before it begins)
43
Secondary level of prevention
early diagnosis and starting treatment (self screening)
44
Tertiary
rehabilitation from illness (surgery, returning to normal)
45
Communicable
illness that can be transferred from one organism to another
46
Non-communicable
illness that cannot be transferred
47
Chain of Infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry Establishment of infection in new host
48
Unmodifiable Risk Factors:
cannot be changed; ex. Race, gender, personality type, age, basic metabolic rate, and baseline serum cholesterol
49
Modifiable risk factors
can be changed by behavior or environment; smoking, fatty diet; lack of exercise; obesity; hypertension, & too much stress
50
Name 7 things teens are likely to do in teenage pregnancy
Drop out of school Not get married / get divorced Rely on public assistance Live in poverty Drink and smoke during pregnancy Not receive prenatal care Have a preterm/low birth weight baby
51
Premature baby weight
5.5lbs
52
Premature baby age
less than 37 weeks
53
How long does pregnancy lasts for?
40 weeks
54
First trimester
week 1-12
55
second trimester
week 13-26
56
third trimester
week 27-40
57
Prenatal care examples
Screenings, vitamins, checkups, counseling
58
Chuld Maltreatment examples
Physical abuse, neglect (physical, educational, emotional, and/or medical), sexual abuse, emotional abuse(psychological/verbal abuse and/or mental injury) and other types of maltreatment such as abandonment, exploitation and/or threats
59
WIC program
Supplemental food program for woman, infants, and children sponsored by USDA; offered to pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants up to 1 and children under the age of 5
60
Title X
Part of the Public Health Service Act of 1970; provides funds for family planning for low income people
61
Family planning
Determining the preferred number and spacing of children and choosing appropriate means to accomplish it
62
Morbidity Kids
Increase in vaccinations have decreased morbidity Examples: drowning, falls, fires, burns, etc
63
Mortality kids 1-4 years
Unintentional injuries Congenital abnormalities Homicide
64
5-14 year olds mortality
Unintentional injuries Cancer Congenital abnormalities
65
Mortality-kids leading cause of death
unintentional injuries (motor vehicle crahses0
66
Morbidity Teens and YA
STIs are most common, everything else has been declining HIV infections in youth were mostly found in black people.
67
Mortality Teens and YA
Has been decreasing since 1950, generally due to advances in medicine Obesity epidemic may shorten life expectancy Men have a higher rate than women (mostly bc of stupid risky behavior)
68
ages 5-14 causes of death
unintentional injuries, cancer, suicide.
69
ages 15-24 causes of death
mostly behavior related
70
Which race/ ethnicity has the most car accidents rates?
White and American Indian men
71
Which race/ ethnicity has the most suicide rates?
Native American men
72
Which race/ ethnicity has the most homicide rates?
Black men
73
Protective factors
protect against bad influences and decisions, such as doing drugs.
74
Risk
puts a person at a greater risk for indulging in dangerous behaviors.
75
Cancer risk factors
Obesity Physical inactivity Diet high in red or processed meats Smoking Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption
76
Types of cvd
hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease)
77
CVD risks
Smoking Physical inactivity Poor nutrition
78
Maritial Status Elderly
Divorce rates are increasing Older men are married more often than older women, because: Men tend to live for a lower amount of time (leaving women widowed) Men tend to marry younger women (again, they die first) They remarry more often, mostly because they need assistance
79
Living Arrangements- Elderly
Based on income, health status, and the availability of caregivers. Women are more likely to live alone than men
80
Racial and Ethnic Composition
he majority of old people in America are white rn Old hispanic people are probably going to become the largest demographic
81
Geographic Distribution- Elderly
They mostly live in 13 states, the ones with major cities Elders live in populated areas in order to access better healthcare
82
Economic Status- Elderly
Main sources of income: Social Security Earnings Assets Private or governmental pensions Unmarried people are more likely to live in poverty
83
Instrumental Tasks
housekeeping, transportation, maintenance on the automobile or yard, and assistance with business affairs
84
Cognitive tasks
assistance that involves scheduling appointments, monitoring health conditions, reminding elders of the need to take medications, amd in general acting as a backup memory
85
Expressive tasks:
Emotional support, socializing and inclusion in social gatherings, and trying to prevent feelings of loneliness and isolation
86
Tasks of daily living:
eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, walking, getting in and out of bed or a chair, and getting outside
87
Physical limitations test- Elderly adults- 8
Walking two to three blocks Stooping/kneeling Lifting 10 lbs Reaching up overhead Standing for 2 hrs Sitting for 2 hrs Grasp small objects / writing Walking up 10 steps without resting
88
Impairments
deficits in the functioning of one’s sense organs or limitations in one’s mobility or range of motion. Include: Sensory impairments (vision, hearing, balance, feeling) Physical impairments Cognitive impairments
89
Why are mortality rates decreasing for old people?
here was a decrease in child deaths in the beginning of the 21st century Advances in medicine kept middle-aged people longer, so they're getting old now
90
Top 5 Leading causes of death: Old people
Heart disease Cancer Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), CVA (stroke) Alzheimer’s (leading cause of memory loss) Cancer rates have been staying the same, but 1 and 3 have been decreasing
91
18th century
Industrial revolution Marine hospital service First US Census
92
19th century modern era of public health
lemuel shattuck: board of health,, closer food insoections, research on diseases, & collecting of health data John Snow: Cholera came from the water
93
19th century bateriologica period of public health
Smallpox vaccination Germ Theory: bacteria and syptoms Sanitary suvery, Amercan public health assosciation, food & drink inspection & better quality, nurse hiring, and sewage treatment
94
20th century health resources development period
reform phase of public health - social issues (immigration, low playing jobs) - the jungle by Upton sinclair: bad conditions in meat packing industry - pure food and drug acts - improved working dconditiojs - American Cancer society - Public health nursing uprise - communicable diseases lead to dwath
95
19th century 1920s
Slow growth of public health First program for health education specialists Prohibition led to less alcoholics
96
Great depression & world war 11; postwar years
Social Security Act of 1935: government becomes involved in social and health issues Medical discovery of antibiotics CDC established Polio vaccination Hill-Burton Act improves medical care & quality of hospitals. Built with little planning. President Eisenhower’s heart attack brings national attention to heart disease
97
19th century Period of social engineering
Medicare and Medicaid established Improved standards in health facilities Big increase in healthcare costs
98
Period of Health promotion
Healthy People publication established OSHA established Healthy People document reported every 10 years; defines the nation’s health agenda and guides its health policy Alcohol & drug abuse Health disparities Environmental issues (pollution, climate change) Disasters (natural & human-made) Lifestyle diseases = #1 cause of death Emphasis on prevention and preparedness Terrorism (domestic & international) Focus on individual health

Community Health (9 decks)

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