Final Flashcards by Aud R

Orientation is related to and includes

Time
Person
Place
Situation

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Psychosis is

a detachment from reality; it is not a disease–it’s a symptom

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EBP includes

Pt preference
Clinical/practitioner expertise
Available clinical research

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Delusion

Something that is falsely believed; fixed false conviction; a common symptom in mental health conditions

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Distress

Extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain; significant difficulty; state of being in great trouble

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Dysfunction

Abnormality or impairment in function; unhealthy interpersonal behavior/interaction

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Hallucination

False perceptions; sensory based experiences that appear real but are created by your mind

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Affect

Outward expression of emotion; feeling being displayed to others through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture, voice characteristics, or other physical manifestations

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Positive symptoms

Symptoms in excess OT “added” to normal mental functioning; hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking

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Negative symptoms

Symptoms dismissing brains ability to respond/behave in particular ways; anhedonia, apathy, alogia, flat affect

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The absence of adequate caregiving during childhood is

Social neglect

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Children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder typically have the inability to consistently connect with their parent/caregiver. Common signs include

watching others closely but not engaging socially
refusing to make eye contact
detached and unresponsive; impulsive, destructive negative behaviors

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T/F: In post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the symptoms must occur AFTER the exposure.

True

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T/F: With neurodevelopmental disorders, there is usually a wide range of developmental deficits and many of these conditions co-occur with others.

True

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T/F: Females are less likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders than men.

False

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Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymia), disruptive mood dysregulation, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are all

Depressive disorders

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Depressed individuals typically exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Behavioral, Cognitive, and Physical symptoms

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Mania involves

Endless energy
Lots of ideas
Euphoria

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T/F: Skin picking (excoriation) may be accompanied by a range of behaviors or rituals involving skin or scabs. The individual may examine, play with, or mouth or swallow the skin after it has been pulled. The condition coincides with or follows the onset of puberty. The disorder frequently begins with a dermatological condition such as acne.

True

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This condition involves the preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance. At some point, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors (mirror checks, excessive grooming, skin picking, etc.) or mental acts (comparing their appearance with that of others) in response to the appearance concerns. A related condition involves preoccupation with body build; we watched a clip on bigorexia in class. This primary condition is

Body dysmorphic disorder

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Explain the relationship between DISABILITY, DYSFUNCTION and DISTRESS in mental health.

Occupational therapists work with mental health patients to target their treatment surrounding disability, dysfunction, and distress. As a clinician we cannot choose to focus on one without recognizing and considering the distress and dysfunction that accompanies disabilities within those struggling with their mental health. Being aware of signs and symptoms of mental health conditions is vital in treating the patient in a holistic manner and for a patients overall safety.

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What are the fundamental differences between ENURESIS and ENCOPRESIS? Name the category that these two conditions fall in within the DSM-5.

Enuresis: drips
Encopresis: drops

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When considering the diagnostic categories of the DSM-5, there is a relationship that exists across three conditions that we discussed this semester. Please use the picture to help you discuss the nature of the relationship of these 3 conditions (based on genetics, family history, and symptoms). Name each of the three below.

Bipolar and related disorders in the middle, is a bridge b/w other groups

Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders on one side, depressive disorders on the other side.

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This condition is a neurological and developmental disorder; in the DSM-5 it is categorized with the neurodevelopmental disorders. People with this condition may have difficulties with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. Which condition is this?

ASD

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Which symptoms are commonly reported/seen in individuals with somatic disorders?

Stomach pain, headaches, fatigue

Janice was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia with negative (-) symptoms. In planning for your tx session, what do you anticipate as a problem area/deficit?

Motivation for activities

These two D's are most frequently cited as factors that bring individuals forward for diagnosis/treatment of a condition/disorder in mental health.

Distress and Dysfunction

Describe the PEO model. Discuss the relevance of this model to this particular course, OTD 6432 (Lifespan: Mental Health).

The PEO model is a model focusing on the Person, Environment , and Occupation. However, within this course, the PEO is heavily involved when treating individual with mental health conditions. The PEO is a transactional model that focuses of Time and Space. Meaning that its approach to mental health conditions and treatment is catered to the whole person, the whole diagnosis, the whole identity of the patient, and their needs.

Anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders were a few of the conditions presented this semester. While these conditions might be more familiar to many, consider the lesser known feeding and eating disorders such as pica, rumination disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Select one of these and discuss/describe the condition and the potential impact; explain the functional consequences of your selected condition.

Pica is a disorder in which people choose to eat non-food objects. An example being dirt. The potential impact this disorder can have can range from a social impact to a personal health impact. people may not want to be around someone that chooses to eat bizarre things. There is always the potential of eating something harmful as well. Functional consequences for this disorder include bowel obstructions, decreased social function, infection/illness, and more.

In class, a condition that is not classified in the DSM-5 was referenced during the feeding and eating disorder lecture. This condition is a genetic condition caused by an error in one or more genes (in the region of chromosome 15). A key feature of this syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins around age 2; these individuals never feel full and usually have trouble controlling their weight. What is this condition?

Prader - willi syndrome

Describe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). How could OT for ADHD based on your understanding of OT and the symptoms that surround this particular condition?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves inattention, disorganization, and hyper-activity. OT could help those with ADHD with basic life skills such as time management, social skills, function, and routines.

Characterized by problems in self-control of emotions and behaviors.

Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Oppositional Defiant Disorder types

Angry/irritable mood Argumentative/defiant Vindictiveness

Severity levels of ODD

Mild 1 setting Mod 2 settings Severe 3 settings

Repetitive/persistent behavior that violates basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules

Conduct disorder

Severity levels of CD

Mild - lying Mod - stealing Severe - physical

closely connected to the spectrum of “externalizing” conduct disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence into adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.

Personality Disorders

Cluster A - weird

Paranoid - distrust Schizoid - detachment Schizotypal - distortions

Cluster B - wacky

Antisocial - disregard Borderline - instability Histrionic - emotional and attention seeking Narcissistic - grandiosity, admiration, lack of empathy

Cluster C - worry

Avoidant - distrust Dependent - clingy Obsessive-compulsive - perfection

10 substance classes

1. Alcohol 2. Caffeine 3. Cannabis 4. Hallucinogens 5. Inhalants 6. Opioids 7. Sedatives 8. Stimulants 9. Tobacco 10. Other (or unknown)

Extrapyramidal Effects

Abnormal movement patterns

Nonmotor Effects

Sedation, anti-cholinergic, orthostatic hypotension, light sensitivity, metabolic side effects

-azine

Antipsychotic drugs

the 1st of modern antipsychotic drug

Thorazine

SSRI

Serotonin

An older group of antidepressants drugs that are prescribed less frequently than others (Often prescribed for pt who does not respond to other antidepressants)

MAOI

Side effects of MAOI

tyramine = “cheesing effect”

Lithium ISSUE

NOT metabolized

Why do we need to be aware of side effects?

To facilitate treatment, occupational performance, and participation of clients.

An acquired syndrome that results from a disease or disorder of the brain that affects cognition, or thinking, and memory. It disrupts perception, information processing, problem solving, judgment, sequencing of tasks, recognition and naming objects, mood and affect.

Dementia

disturbance in attention that develops over a short time, a change from the person’s normal state, and fluctuation over time

Delirium

significant cognitive decline

Major Neurocognitive Disorders (Major NCD)

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Mild NCD)

Modest cognitive decline

caused by strep infection

PANDAs

HR increases, but BP stays the same

POTs

selective eating disorder

AFRID

detailed rules for enforcing laws, including the responsibilities and constraints that constitute what it means to follow laws, and the process for monitoring enforcement

Regulations

activities by individuals or groups that influence the policies of government, including the “debate or conflict” between competing interests

Politics

mandated payment for inpatient care, outpatient therapy services, and skilled nursing programs, and neither program federally mandated payment for community-based services that supported daily living needs

Social Security Act (SSA)

provide a financial safety net for workers who become disabled and are unable to continue working.

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)

the movement of people with psychiatric disabilities from large institutional settings to different, smaller institutional settings, such as nursing homes and group homes.

Transinstitutionalization

Provides health insurance for all people eligible for Social Security benefits over the age of 65 and to people under the age of 65 with disabilities.

Medicare

Designed to provide monetary income to citizens of the United States who are over age 65, blind, or disabled. SSI is an entitlement

Supplemental Security Income

national health insurance program for people with low income

Medicaid

Food and Nutrition Policies

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Food Stamp Act, Emergency Food Assistance Program (TE- FAP)

Low Income Housing Policy

Housing Act of 1937 = Section 8 Housing, Shelter Plus Care, supported housing

addresses this discrimination by mandating that out-of-pocket costs and access to treatment be equal for mental health, substance abuse, and physical health conditions

Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA)

improve personal experience of health of population and reduce expense

Triple AIM

requires affirmative action in hiring people with disabilities by agencies and contractors that receive any form of federal funding, which includes schools, universities, and public transportation

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

negative attitudes and a behavioral chain that begins by applying a stigmatizing mark to a person, progresses through the attitude structures, and results in discrimination

Stigma

derivative of social justice, refers to the right of every individual to have access to, and the ability to engage in, the variety of occupations necessary to support health and wellness

Occupational justice

individuals experiencing a lack of integration with cultural experiences and norms.

Marginality

once defined in terms of banishment, confinement, or social control; now also includes those whose access to occupations is restricted by society because of their diagnosis or symptoms

Exclusion

No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Civil Rights Act 1964

People with disabilities could no longer be denied access to jobs, schools and transportation.

Americans with Disabilities Act

requires hospitals with emergency departments to provide a medical screening examination to any individual who comes to the emergency department and requests such an examination, and prohibits hospitals with emergency departments from refusing to examine or treat

The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)

federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge.

HIPAA

federal law that affords parents the right to have access to their children's education records, the right to seek to have the records amended, and the right to have some control over the disclosure of personally identifiable information from education

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

provides workers' compensation coverage for employment-related injuries and occupational diseases. Benefits include wage replacement, payment for medical care, and where necessary, medical and vocational rehabilitation assistance in returning to work and survivor benefits.

The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA)

extend and revise the authorization of grants to states for vocational rehabilitation services, with special emphasis on services to individuals with the most severe disabilities

The Rehabilitation Act replaces the Vocational Rehabilitation Act

free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

an act to provide federal funding for community mental health centers and research facilities devoted to the causes and treatment of mental retardation.

Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963

prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, in programs receiving federal financial assistance, in federal employment and in the employment practices of federal contractors

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

national law that protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability

Section 504

provided that large group health plans cannot impose annual or lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits that are less favorable than any such limits imposed on medical/surgical benefits

Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) of 1996

public entities must provide community-based services to persons with disabilities

Olmstead Decision

help children (and eventually all Americans) with pre-existing conditions gain coverage and keep it, protect all Americans’ choice of doctors, and end lifetime limits on the care consumers may receive

Patient Bill of Rights

potentially traumatic events that may include physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; parental divorce; domestic violence; and the incarceration of a parent

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

developed with the family, and services should be family centered, coordinated, and occur within the child’s natural environment.

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)

early signs of dysfunction begin to appear but diagnostic criteria for a psychotic disorder are not yet met

Prodrome

isolation, powerlessness, frustration, estrangement from society or self because of engagement in occupation doesn’t satisfy inner needs

Occupational Alienation

segregation of groups through restriction of denial of access to dignified and meaningful participation in occupations

Occupational Apartheid

Deprivation of occupational choice and diversity because of circumstances beyond the control of individuals or communities

Occupational Deprivation

Deliberate manipulation of environments to facilitate and support engagement in a range of occupations congruent with those that the individual might normally perform

Occupational Enrichment

person is a danger to themselves or others, deemed incapable of taking care of their basic needs to maintain health and safety, or they have been accused of committing a crime but is not competent to stand trial because of psychiatric disability

Involuntary commitment/confinement

when the state can legally order a person detained against their will on average 3-5 days while a hearing is convened to evaluate whether there is probable cause to hold the individual

Emergency hospitalization

less restrictive, court-ordered mechanism that requires a person to submit to outpatient services

Involuntary outpatient commitment

people who voluntarily present for treatment; they agree to stay as long as treatment is deemed necessary, and may sign out at any time unless the mental health providers determine the admission status be changed to involuntary

Voluntary admissions

a philosophy of care with guiding principles rooted in providing community care that is needs driven, culturally intelligent, trauma informed, unconditional and creative.

Wraparound

Dimensions of Occupation

Space and Place Temporality Habits, Routines, and Occupational Engagement Doing, Being, Belonging, and Becoming

The Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE)

Psychiatric assessment

ACL

Measures cognition

MOHOST

Measures performance patterns

TOGGS

Locating items in grocery store

BDI-FS

Depression

Milwaukee

Behavior and ADL

OCAIRS

Perception of occupational performance for INCARCERATED

Weekly calendar planning activity

Attention, memory, cognition, executive func

MoCA

Mild cognitive impairments

beck anxiety inventory

Anxiety

Stress management questionnaire

Stress

COPM

Self-care, productivity, leisure performance

KTA

Cooking tasks

MMSE

Cognition

Adult sensory profile

Sensory processing

COTE

Measures strengths and difficulties in general, interpersonal, and task behaviors

KELS

Level of assistance needed