FINAL Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
what is the definition of life?
(according to Dr. Olsen)
A
the ability to self-repair
2
Q
what is the Law of Thermodynamics regarding energy?
A
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
3
Q
what is the Law of Thermodynamics regarding Entropy?
A
The disorder (entropy) in an isolated system always increases over time.
4
Q
What are the 10 Levels of Organization?
(SAMS-CT-OOOP)
A
- Subatomic Particles
- Atom
- Molecule
- Subcellular Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
- Population
5
Q
what the 3 Subatomic Particles?
A
Proton
Neutron
Electron
6
Q
What is a Molecule?
A
2 or more atoms put together
7
Q
What is a Subcellular Organelle?
A
a cell organ (i.e. mitochondria)
8
Q
A Cell is the __________ living unit?
A
A Cell is the smallest living unit
9
Q
Tissue is a group of?
A
Tissue is a group of Cells that preform the same function
10
Q
[Open question] Give 1 example of an Organ
A
i.e. heart
11
Q
[open question] Give 1 example of an Organ System
A
i.e. respiratory system
12
Q
[open question] Give an example of an Organism
A
i.e. human
13
Q
Regarding the levels of organization, define Population
A
Same group of species living together in the same place at the same time
14
Q
what is the structure of an Atom
A
Inside Nucleus: Protons & Neutrons
Outside Nucleus: Electrons
15
Q
List the 4 most common Elements
(HCNO) (heck no)
A
1) Hydrogen
2) Carbon
3) Nitrogen
4) Oxygen
16
Q
What is the atomic number and number of bonds formed by the 4 most abundant Elements
A
i. Hydrogen
1) Atomic no=1
2) No of bonds=1 formed
ii. Carbon
1) Atomic no=6
2) No of bonds=4
iii. Nitrogen
1) Atomic no=7
2) No of bonds=3
iv. Oxygen
1) Atomic number=8
2) No of bonds=2
H = 11
C = 64
N = 73
O = 82
17
Q
List the 12 organelles/structure of the Cell
A
1) Plasma Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Ribosomes
4) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
5) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
6) Golgi Apparatus
7) Lysosomes
8) Chloroplasts
9) Mitochondria
10) Peroxisomes
11) Cytoskeleton
12) Centriole
18
Q
what is the function of the Ribosome?
A
site of protein synthesis
19
Q
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
A
Produce protein for export
20
Q
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
[according to Dr. Olsen]
A
Variety of functions
21
Q
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
A
Transports materials to the exterior of the cell
22
Q
What is the function of the Lysosomes?
A
Digest materials within the cell
23
Q
What is the function of Chloroplasts?
A
site of photosynthesis
24
Q
what is the function of the Mitochondria?
A
site of ATP production
25
What is the function of the Peroxisomes?
detoxifies poisons
26
What is the function of Centrioles?
used in cell division
27
What is the structure of Carbohydrates?
Sugar or a chain of sugars
28
What is the structure of a Simple Carbohydrate?
1 or 2 sugars combined
29
What is the structure of a Complex Carbohydrate?
3 or more sugars combined
30
What is the atomic structure of a Carbohydrate?
Carbon with OH & H attached
31
what is the structure of Proteins?
Chains of Amino Acids
32
What is the structure of Nucleic Acid?
Chains of Nucleotides
33
What is the flow chart of Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis:
DNA --> mRNA (+ATP) --> Protein
-----------------------------------------------
DNA copies as mRNA (transcription) -> mRNA instructs Ribosome -> ribosome synthesizes protein
34
Draw the structure of an Amino Acid
(HHN-HCR-COOH)
35
What are the 4 general types of Tissue?
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscle Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue
36
How many types of Connective - Epithelial Tissue are there?
5
37
List the 5 types of Connective - Epithelial Tissue
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
4) Pseudostratified Columnar
5) Transitional
38
Epithelial - Squamous tissue is described as:
Flat
39
Epithelial - Cuboidal tissue is described as:
cube-shaped
40
Epithelial - Columnar tissue is described as:
Tall
41
Epithelial - Pseudostratified Columnar tissue is described as:
having the same basement membrane
42
Epithelial - Transitional tissue is described as:
cells change shape based on the distention of the organ
43
How many Types of Connective Tissue Proper are there?
2
44
List the 2 types of Connective Tissue Proper
Loose
Dense
45
How many types of Loose - Connective tissue are there?
3
46
List the 3 types of Loose - Connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
47
A characteristic of Loose - Connective - Areolar tissue is?
many fibers are obvious in the matrix
48
a characteristic of Loose - Connective - Adipose tissue is?
stores fat
49
a characteristic of Loose - Connective - Reticular tissue is?
cells attached to a fibrous network
50
How many types of Dense Connective tissue are there?
3
51
List the 3 types of Dense Connective tissue
Dense Irregular
Dense Regular
Elastic
52
How many types of Connective - Cartilage tissue are there?
3
53
List the 3 types of Connective - Cartilage tissue
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
54
A characteristic of Connective - Cartilage - Hyaline tissue is:
matrix appears to be clear
55
a characteristic of Connective - Cartilage - Elastic tissue is:
elastic fibers are obvious within the matrix
56
a characteristic of Connective - Cartilage - Fibrocartilage tissue is:
thick collagen fibers are obvious in the matrix
57
How many types of Connective - Bone tissue are there?
2
58
List the 2 types of Connective - Bone tissue
Compact
Spongy
59
what is the basic unit of compact bone?
Osteon
60
True or False: Blood is a Connective tissue?
True, Blood is a connective tissue
61
what is a characteristic of Connective - Blood tissue?
consists of cells within a liquid matrix
62
A characteristic of Muscle tissue is that it is:
contractile
63
How many types of Muscle tissue are there?
3
64
List the 3 types of Muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
65
List the 5 characteristics of Muscle - Skeletal tissue
1) Connected to bone
2) Striated
3) Multinucleated
4) Fibers are parallel
5) Voluntary
66
List the 5 characteristics of Muscle - Cardiac tissue
1) Found only in the heart
2) Striated
3) Uninucleate
4) Fibers are branched
5) Involuntary
67
List the 4 characteristics of Connective - Muscle - Smooth tissue
1) Lines tubular organs
2) Not striated
3) Uninucleated
4) Involuntary
68
How many types of Nervous Tissue are there?
2
69
List the 2 types of Connective - Nervous tissue
Neurons
Glial Cells
70
what is a characteristic of Neurons
(Connective - Nervous tissue)
conduct nervous impulses
71
what is a characteristic of Glial Cells
(Connective - Nervous tissue)
support the neurons
72
How many layers of the Epidermis are there?
5
73
List the 5 layers of the Epidermis
1) Basal Layer
2) Stratum Spinosum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Lucidum
5) Stratum Corneum
74
How many Glands of the Dermis are there?
5
75
List the 5 Glands of the Dermis
(SEA-CM)
1) Sebaceous
2) Eccrine
3) Apocrine
4) Ceruminous
5) Mammary
76
How many components of the Compact Bone are there?
4
77
List the 4 components of Compact Bone
(H-LLC)
1) Haversian Canal
2) Lamellae
3) Lacunae
4) Canaliculi
78
What is a characteristic of the Haversian Canal within Compact Bone?
contains blood vessel
79
What is a characteristic of the Lamellae within Compact Bone?
concentric rings of matrix
80
What is a characteristic of the Lacunae within Compact Bone?
cavities that have osteocytes
81
What is a characteristic of the Canaliculi within Compact Bone?
tiny canals that provide osteocytes with nutrients
82
How many classifications of bones are there?
4
83
List the 4 classifications of bones
1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
84
The Diaphysis of the Long Bone is the?
Shaft
85
The Epiphysis of Long Bones is?
ends of the Long Bones
86
The Epiphyseal Line of the Compact Bone is?
line between an epiphysis and diaphysis
87
The Medullary Cavity of the Long Bone stores:
bone marrow
88
The Periosteum of Long Bone covers?
exterior of the bone
89
Short bones are ________ shaped and found in?
cube-shaped
found in wrist & upper foot
90
What is the shape of Flat Bones?
Flat and slightly curved
(ex: cranial bones)
91
This Classification of Bones does NOT fit into other categories of bones
Irregular Bones
(ex: vertebrae)
92
How many types of Bone Markings are there?
3
93
List the 3 types of Bone Markings
Projections
Depressions
Openings
94
How many types of Bone Projections are there?
11
95
List the 11 Bone Projections
1) Tuberosity
2) Crest
3) Trochanter
4) Line
5) Tubercle
6) Condyle
7) Epicondyle
8) Spine
9)Head
10) Facet
11) Process
96
Describe Bone Projection - Tuberosity
large, rounded projection usually roughened
97
Describe Bone Projection - Crest
narrow ridge, usually prominent
98
Describe Bone Projection - Trochanter
large, blunt process, irregularly shaped
(found only in femur)
99
Describe Bone Projection - Line
narrow ridge, less prominent than crest
100
Describe Bone Projection - Condyle
rounded articular projection, usually articulating with a fossa
101
Describe Bone Projection - Epicondyle
raised area above a condyle
102
Describe Bone Projection - Spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
103
Describe Bone Projection - Head
bony expansion on a narrow neck
104
Describe Bone Projection - Facet
smooth nearly flat articular process
105
Describe Bone Projection - Process
any boney prominence
106
How many types of Bone Depressions and Openings are there?
7
107
List the 7 Depressions and Openings
1) Foramen
2) Groove
3) Fissure
4) Notch
5) Fossa
6) Meatus
7) Sinus
108
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Foramen
round or oval opening
109
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Groove
furrow
110
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Fissure
narrow slit-like opening
111
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Notch
indentation at the edge of bone
112
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Fossa
shallow depression that articulates with a condyle
113
Describe Bone Depression/Opening - Sinus
cavity within a bone
114
How many bones are in the Axial Skeleton?
80
115
How many bones are in the Cranium (skull)?
8
116
List the 8 bones in the Cranium (skull)?
Frontal - 1
Parietals - 2
Temporals - 2
Occipital - 1
Sphenoid - 1
Ethmoid - 1
117
How many bones are in the Face (skull)?
14
118
List the 14 bones in Face (skull)
Nasals - 2
Lacrimals - 2
Zygomatics - 2
Maxillae - 2
Palatines - 2
Inferior Nasal Conchae - 2
Vomer - 1
Mandible lower jaw - 1
119
How many bones are in the Middle Ear?
6
120
List the 6 bones in the Middle Ear
Malleus - 2
Incus - 2
Stapes - 2
121
How many bones are in the Ribcage?
25
122
List the 25 bones of the Ribcage
True - 7 pairs
False - 3 pairs
Floating - 2 pairs
Sternum - 1
123
How many bones are in the Spinal Column?
26
124
List the 26 bones of the Spinal Column
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum -1
Coccyx - 1
125
How many bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?
126
126
How many bones in the Pectoral Girdle?
4
127
List the 4 bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle - 2
Scapula - 2
128
How many bones are in the Arms?
(not including hands)
6
129
List the 6 bones of the Arms
Humerus - 2
Radius - 2
Ulna - 2
130
List the bones of the Hands?
Carpals - 16
Metacarpals - 10
Phalanges - 28
131
How many Bones are in the Pelvic Girdle?
2
132
List the bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Os coxae - 2
133
How many bones are in the Legs?
(not including feet)
8
134
List the bones of the Legs
Femur - 2
Patella - 2
Tibia - 2
Fibula - 2
135
How many bones are in the Feet?
54
136
List the bones of the Feet
Tarsals - 14
Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges - 28
137
What are the 4 functions of Muscles
1) Movement
2) Maintenance of Posture
3) Joint Stabilization
4) Heat Generation
138
What is the structure of Muscle from smallest to largest
1) Myofilaments
2) Myofibrils
3) Muscle Cell
4) Fascicles
5) Muscle
139
What are the 2 types of Myofilaments
[Myofilaments -> Myofibrils -> Muscle Cell - > Fascicles -> Muscle]
Thick (made of myosin)
Thin (made of actin)
140
Myofibrils are bundles of?
Myofilaments
141
Muscle Cells are bundles of?
Myofibrils
142
Muscle cells, which are bundles of myofibrils, are covered by?
Endomysium
143
Fascicles are bundles of?
Muscle Cells
144
Fascicles, which are bundles of Muscle Cells, are covered by?
Perimysium
145
Muscles are bundles of?
Fascicles
146
Muscles, which are bundles of Fascicles, are covered by?
Epimysium
147
photo of muscle structure
148
What are the 5 components of the Sarcomere?
1) Z-lines
2) i-bands
3) A-bands
4) H-zone
5) M-line
149
In the Sarcomere, the Z-lines are?
boundaries of Sarcomere
150
In the Sarcomere, the i-bands are?
regions where there are thin filaments
151
In the Sarcomere, the A-bands are?
full length of thick filaments
152
In the Sarcomere, the H-zone is where?
A-band that does not overlap with thin filaments
153
In the Sarcomere, the M-line is?
at the exact center of the sarcomere
consists of protein myomesin
154
How many muscle/sarcomere proteins are there?
8
155
List the 8 Muscle/Sarcomere proteins
(A-TTT-MM-DN)
1) Actin
2) Myosin
3) Myomesin
4) Titin
5) Tropomyosin
6) Troponin
7) Dystrophin
8) Nebulin
156
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Actin
principal protein of the thin filaments
contains sites were myosin head binds during muscle contraction
157
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Myosin
myosin tails form the shafts of the thick filaments
myosin heads bind to the myosin binding sites of Actin during muscle contraction
158
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Myomesin
found in the m-lines
helps stabilize the position of the thick filaments
159
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Titin
prevents the sarcomeres from over stretching
160
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Tropomyosin
part of the thin filament,
blocks myosin binding sites when the muscle is relaxed
161
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Dystrophin
links thin filaments to proteins in the sarcolemma
helps transmit muscle to the tendons
162
Describe the muscle/sarcomere protein:
Nebulin
aligns the thin filaments
163
How many hormone-secreted glands are there in the body?
10
164
List the 10 hormone secreted glands in the body
(PAP-TP-TAPOT)
1) Posterior Pituitary
2) Anterior Pituitary
3) Pineal
4) Thyroid
5) Parathyroid
6) Thymus
7) Adrenal
8) Pancreas
9) Ovaries
10) Testes
165
List the 2 hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary gland
Oxytocin
antidiuretic
166
List the 6 hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone
167
List the hormone secreted by the Pineal gland
melatonin
168
List the hormones secreted by the Thyroid gland
calcitonin
Thyroxine
169
List the hormones secreted by the Thymus
Thymosin
170
List the 3 hormones secreted by the Adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
171
List the 2 hormones secreted by the Adrenal Medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
172
List the 2 hormones secreted by the Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
173
List the 2 hormones secreted by the Ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
174
List the 2 hormones secreted by the Testes
Testosterone
Inhibin
175
what is the basic structure of a Nerve?
(smallest to biggest)
Axon (nerve fiber)
Myelin sheath (covers the axon)
Endoneurium (covers nerve fiber and myelin sheath)
Perineurium (groups fibers into bundles which becomes a fascicle)
Epineurium (outermost layer bundling fascicles)
176
What is the structure of a neuron
Dendrite
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Schwann Cell
Node of Ranvier
Axon Terminal
177
List the 5 types of Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
178
what are the 4 major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Diencephalon
179
the cerebral hemispheres are part of what brain structure?
Cerebrum
180
the Longitudinal Fissure separates what in the brain?
The Longitudinal Fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres
181
what are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
182
gray matter and white matter are found where in the brain?
Cerebral Cortex
183
True or False: Sulci and Convolutions are what make our brain wrinkly?
True,
sulci are the ridges of our brain's surface area
184
The TRANSVERSE FISSURE separates what 2 structures in the brain?
Separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum
185
Lateral Ventricles, Choroid plexus and the Corpus Callosum are located where in the brain?
Cerebral Cortex
186
True or False: the Cerebellum is inferior to the Cerebrum?
True, the Cerebellum is inferior the cerebrum
187
What structure in the brain is the ARBOR VITAE located in?
Cerebellum
188
The Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain are part of what brain structure?
Brainstem
189
The Thalamus and Hypothalamus are located in what brain structure?
Diencephalon
190
The Third Ventricle and Forth Ventricle are located in what brain structure?
Diencephalon
191
True or False: the Pituitary gland is located in the Diencephalon?
True
192
The Olfactory Bulbs and Olfactory Tracts are located in what structure of the brain?
Diencephalon
193
The Optic Chiasma and Optic nerve are located in what structure of the brain?
Diencephalon
194
which Lobe of the Cerebrum is responsible for motion, thinking, and emotions?
Frontal Lobe
195
which Lobe of the Cerebrum is responsible for sensing touch, temperature, pain and helping with spatial awareness?
Parietal Lobe
196
which Lobe of the Cerebrum is responsible for hearing, language, and memory?
Temporal Lobe
197
which Lobe of the Cerebrum is responsible for vision?
Occipital Lobe
198
what are the 3 layers of the Blood Vessel wall?
Tunica Externa
Tunica Media (smooth muscle)
Tunica Intima (connective tissue)
199
What is the thickest Blood Vessel wall layer?
Tunica Media
200
what is the flow of blood through the Heart?
(VRTR-PPPP-LBLAAR)
Vena Cavae
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Capillaries
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Rest of body
201
What is the flowchart for the GUT?
(MOPES-SLR-AA)
Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anal Canal
Anus
202
what is the flowchart for the RESPIRATORY system?
(NPL-T-BBAA)
Nose/Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
203
what is the flow chart for the Lymphatic system?
(CC-NTD)
Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Trunks
Lymph Ducts
204
what is the flowchart for the male system?
(SEDS-PCP)
Seminiferous Tubules/Testes
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Cowper’s Gland
Penis/Urethra
205
what is the flowchart for the female reproductive tract?
Ovary
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
206
