Final Flashcards
Define Hemostasis
Process of stopping blood loss
What is the principle mechanism of hemostasis?
Blood Coagulation
Aka for Tissue Factor
Tissue Thromboplastin
Fibrinogen represents what percent of blood proteins?
5-10%
What Vitamin is needed to help produce clotting factors in the liver?
Vitamin K
Clotting Factor I = ?
Fibrinogen
Clotting Factor II = ?
Prothrombin
Clotting Factor V = ?
Preacceleran
Clotting Factor VII = ?
Proconvention
Anti Hemophilic Factor = Clotthing Factor ??
VIII
Christmas Factor = Clotting Factor ??
IX
Clotting Factor X = ?
Stuart- Prower Factor
Name the blood factor that is released with injury and that activates Clotting Factor VII which then activates CF X
Tissue Thromboplastin
What is the name of the coagulation pathway that can happen outside and inside the blood vessel
Extrinsic Pathway
Name the steps in the Extrinsic Pathway
Tissue Cut ——> Tissue Thromboplastin —–> VII (proconvertin) ——-> X (Stuart-prower factor) ——> CF II (prothrombin) ——> CF 1 (Fibrinogen) ——-> Fibrin
What is a big difference between the Extrinsic Pathway of Coagulation and the Intrinsic Pathway
With Intrinsic there has to be exposure of the collagen fibres of the basement membrane to blood flow.
What ions help to speed the process of coagulation?
Calcium ions
What is the CF cascade for Intrinsic Coagulation
Exposure of Collagen to blood flow Hageman Factor (CF XII) CF XI CF IX CF X
T or F
To help with coagulation calcium bromate is injected intravenously to a pt who is hemorrhaging
False
Calcium Chlorate
Exposure of collagen fibres to blood flow can activate a special factor that will bind them. What is the name of this factor?
von Willebrand factor (vWF)
What is the outcome of vWF and the bound platelets to this factor? What is made??
Platelet Plug
T or F
Platelet plugs result in complete closure of damaged endothelium
False
Only partial
When platelets bind to vWF they become activated. What is the name of this process?
Platelet Degranulation
Platelet Degranulation results in the release of certain substances. Please name them
ADP
Thromboxane A2
Growth Factors
Serotonin
What is the function of Thromboxane A2?
To promote further platelet activation, vasoconstriction and mediates inflammation
Thromboplastin Antecedent = what clotting factor?
XI
Hageman Factor = CF?
XII
CF XIII = ?
Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
What does hemodynamics mean?
the movement of blood with different velocities. Blood flows faster in larger and middle sized arteries and flows slow in veins.
What is the approx time blood takes to coagulate?
10 mins
Endothelial mediation of the anticoagulation system is carried out by what molecule in the body?
PGI2 = prostacyclin
T or F
Larger hemorrhages but still less than 2cm are known as petechiae
False
Purpura
What are pinpoint hemorrhages called?
Petechiae
T or F
Hemorrhagic Vasculitis is an example of an ecchymoses
False
Purpura - larger hemorrhages but still less than 2 cm
Ecchymoses = when hemorrhage are larger than 2cm
T or F
Petechiae can be caused by hypovitaminosis C
True
Brain Petechiae can be a result of?
Fat embolism
What is a hemorrhage called when it is in the cavities of big tissue masses?
Hematoma
What is Thrombocytopenia
“Penia” means lack, lack of platelets (thrombocytes) = increase bleeding
- usually doesn’t result in large bleeding but more Petechia & Purpura
Where are clotting factors produced in the body?
Liver
Genetic Diseases associated with non-production of some clotting factors is known as? Name the 3 discusses in class
Hemophilias
- von willebrand disease
- hemophilia A - Classic Hemophilia
- hemophilia B - Christmas disease
T or F
Classic hemophilia is a genetic non-production of Clotting Factor IX
False
Clotting Facotr VIII - antihemophilic clotting factor
Menorrhagia is associated with what Hemophilic disease
von willebrand disease
What Hemophilic disease are characterized by hemarthrosis? (hematoma in the joint)
Hemophilia A & B
T or F
Hemophilias only develop in women
False
Males
Are hemophilias linked to the X or Y chromosome
X
T or F
A thrombus can be formed outside and inside
False
Blood clot can be formed outside and inside
Thrombus only formed WITHIN a blood vessel.
T or F
A thrombus is more organized than a blood clot
True
The process of formation of a Thrombus is called?
Thrombosis
What makes up a Thrombus?
Fibrin
Platelets
WBC
RBC
Why is a thrombus more difficult to form in the arteries compared to the veins
Hemodynamics! Blood flows quicker through the arteries and therefore there is washing away of components of blood coagulation
What are lines of Zahn?
Represent special types of thrombi characterized by visible & microscopic laminations produced by alternating pale layers of platelets mixed with fibrin and a darker layer containing red blood cells.
50% of deaths in the USA are caused by?
Atherosclerotic plaques formed in arterial walls which causes additional resistance to blood flow and causes turbulent blood flow which promotes platelet activation
Normal wear and tear in vessels is termed?
Hemodynamic Stress
Name some constitutional risk factors associated with atherosclerosis
- Age - 40-60 years = 5- fold increase risk
- Gender - men = 5x more vulnerable than women of same age. (70 years chances are =)
- Familial Disposition - genes from parents
What is the normal blood cholesterol level
160-200 mg/dL
What can happen if we have less than 160 mg/dL of cholesterol in our blood?
You need cholesterol to build hormones - if you have less the liver will produce too much and it can cause hypercholesterolemia
The ratio of LDL:HDL should not be more than?
4:1
What can lead to blood flow abnormalities in the arteries?
- Cardiac Damage reducing the heart’s pumping ability
- Increased viscosity of blood = blood flows slower
- Turbulence of blood flow - could be caused by aneurysm
A bulbous thrombosis can be formed where in the body can be a result of what condition?
Heart
Mitral Valve Stenosis
What is polycythemia
Blood Cancer
Overproduction of RBC which increases the friction against the vascular wall.
Erythremia aka ?
Polycythemia
What are the risk factors for Thrombosis
Physical Inactivity
Varicose Veins
Blood hyper coagulation
95% of thrombi are formed where?
Deep veins of the legs
This condition is characterized by distention of the width of veins where the valves will no longer be able to close. It is more commonly seen in women than men
Varicose Veins
What type of things can cause Turbulence in blood flow
Tumor
Anuerysm
Varicose Veins
Name some conditions associated with blood hyper- coagulation
Extensive burns Kidney Disease - renal failure Heart failure Chronic Infections Birth Control Pills
What does Sequelae mean?
Pathological consequence. One problem creates additional problems (like a sequel)
Name the steps in the Sequela of Thrombosis
- Resolution
- Organization
- Recanalization
- Propogation
- Infarction
In what stage of Sequela of Thrombosis does phagocytic digestions of thrombus occur?
Organization - this occurs 2 or 3 days after thrombi form
Where does propagation of a thrombus occur? Why?
Takes place only in veins because of hemodynamics (turbulent blood flow)
What stage of the Thrombus Sequela helps restore blood flow?
Recanalization
T or F
Infarction and Ischemia mean the same thing
False
Infarction is due to lack of OXYGEN compared to Ischemia which is lack of blood flow.
Tissue that replaces brain tissue where and infarct occurred is called?
Neuroglia
T or F
Neuroglia undergoes shrinkage after a while, similar to when connective tissue is laid down in the heart after an infarct and the tissue dies.
False
What is the # 1 factor leading to an infarct?
Arteriole Thrombosis
An autoimmune disorder that is characterized by vascular wall inflammation is known as?
Vasculitis
What are 2 akas for Temporal Arteritis?
Giant Cell Arteritis
Horton’s Disease
T or F
Temporal Arteritis can occur in the Superficial Temporal arteries, Vertebral artery and the External Carotid
False
The first two are correct however the External Carotid is not mentioned. The 3rd artery is Ophthalmic