Final

Question 1

What are the three major ethic violation conducted in the Tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 1

Participants were not respected, participants were harmed, researchers targeted a disadvantaged social group

Question 2

What are the two major ethical violations of the Pilgrim study

Answer 2

Stress inducing, and lasting effects

Question 3

According to the Belmont Report what are the 3 main principles guiding ethics in research

Answer 3

respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

Question 4

What are the two main aspects of respect for persons in the Belmont Report

Answer 4

Treating people as autonomous agents (thus they have to give informed consent), and groups who may not fully be able to give conformed consent (children, prisoners, and the disabled) should be treated with special consideration.

Question 5

What is beneficence

Answer 5

Understanding the balance of risk and benefits a study has.

Question 6

What does the principle of justice entail

Answer 6

Those included in the study are representative of the people who will benefit from the study

Question 7

What are the 5 general ethical guidelines in APA

Answer 7

Benficence, principle of justice, respect for persons, integrity, and fidelity/responsibility

Question 8

Which standard of the 10 standards from the APA is especially important for producers of research

Answer 8

Standard 8

Question 9

When research is funded federally what ethical guidelines must they comply to

Answer 9

IRB

Question 10

What is the minimum amount of people on a panel for an IRB

Answer 10

5

Question 11

What are two ways research can be misconducted

Answer 11

data fabrication and data falsification

Question 12

What is data fabrication

Answer 12

when a report of research lies about the results and states something that fits with their hypothesis

Question 13

What is data falsification

Answer 13

occurs when researchers remove participants results when they don’t fit the hypothesis, and/or influence participants results

Question 14

what are the three R’s when it comes to treating animals ethically in research

Answer 14

replacement, refinement, and reduction

Question 15

What does replacement mean in terms of using animals ethically in research

Answer 15

Using alternatives to animals when necessary, or capable

Question 16

What does refinement mean in terms of using animals ethically in research

Answer 16

Researches must design their study in a way to reduce animal distress or harm

Question 17

What does reduction mean in terms of using animals ethically in research

Answer 17

Researchers should design studies that use the fewest possible animals

Question 18

What are the three ways research defend using animals

Answer 18

there have been numerous findings from research that help both humans and animals, researchers take steps to reduce suffering, there are fewer animals used

Question 19

What is a likert scale

Answer 19

an answered that is anchored from strongly agree to strongly disagree

Question 20

What type of survey answer is anchored by adjectives

Answer 20

semantic differential format

Question 21

What are four ways that questions in a survey can be poorly worded

Answer 21

leading questions, double barrelled questions and negative wording, question order

Question 22

What are the ways that a researcher can get inaccurate survey results from a participant

Answer 22

using shortcuts, trying to look good, reporting more then they can know, and wrong memories

Question 23

What is acquiescence

Answer 23

yes saying when responding to survey question

Question 24

What is another type of response set other than acquiescence

Answer 24

fence sitting

Question 25

What are the three ways construct validity can be threatened by observations

Answer 25

observer bias, observer effects, and reactivity

Question 26

How can a researcher prevent observer bias and observer effects

Answer 26

codebooks, multiple recorders, blind designs, blend in, wait it out, measure results of the behaviour

Question 27

What are the ways to get a biased sample

Answer 27

convenience sampling, self selection, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling

Question 28

Whats another term for probability sampling

Answer 28

random sampling

Question 29

What are ways to get a representative sample

Answer 29

simple random sampling, cluster sampling, multistage sampling, stratified random sampling, oversampling, systematic sampling

Question 30

How is cluster sampling conducted

Answer 30

a random cluster of people in the population are selected and then each person in the group is used

Question 31

How is multistage sampling conducted

Answer 31

two random samples are selected, one random cluster of people, and then a random group of people within that cluster

Question 32

How is stratified sampling conducted

Answer 32

identifying a specific amount of a certain demographic a researcher wants to include and randomly selecting them, and all other participants

Question 33

How is oversampling conducted

Answer 33

a researcher over samples a demographic to be able to detect trends (even if the demographic proportion is greater than the population proportion)

Question 34

What is purposive sampling

Answer 34

using only certain types of participants in a non random way

Question 35

What are the most important types of validity in association claims

Answer 35

construct validity and statistical validity

Question 36

What does a cross-sectional correlation look at

Answer 36

to see if two variables are related at the same point in time

Question 37

what are autocorrelations

Answer 37

the correlation of one variable over time (stability)

Question 38

what do you cross lag studies look at

Answer 38

whether an earlier measure of one variable is associated with a later measure of a different variable