FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
define microbiology
A
study of microscopic life
2
Q
Hooke
A
cell theory
3
Q
van leuwenhoek
A
discovered microscope and microorganisms
4
Q
pasteur
A
- final disproof of spontaneous generation
- pasteurization: mild heat
- fermentation: sugar converted to alcohol
5
Q
redi
A
- 3 jars of meat
- biogenesis
6
Q
koch
A
- bacteria cause disease (germ theory)
- koch’s postulates
7
Q
define spontaneous generation
A
life can spontaneously generate
- living organisms can come come from non living matter
- redi proved biogenesis
8
Q
define cell theory
A
- cells are the smallest form of life and make up everything
- hooke
9
Q
define germ theory
A
- microorganisms cause disease
- different organisms cause different diseases: koch
10
Q
define bacteriology
A
study of bacteria
11
Q
define mycology
A
study of fungi
12
Q
define virology
A
study of viruses
13
Q
define phycology
A
study of algae
14
Q
What are the five kingdoms of life
A
- monera: archaea and bacteria
- protista: algae and protozoa
- fungi: yeasts and molds
- animals
- plants
15
Q
Binomia nomenclature
- define
- rules
- who made it
A
- rules for naming organisms
- capitalize Genus but not species
- underline and italicize both
- carl von linne
16
Q
define polymer
A
large macromolecules made by putting smaller macromolecules together
17
Q
What are the major macromolecules and elements do they contain
A
- Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- C, H,O, n
18
Q
Carbohydrates
- building blocks
- bonds
- enzymes
- function
A
- simple sugars/ polysaccharides
- glycosidic bonds
- hydrolysis
- nutrients, energy, support, protection
19
Q
Proteins
- building blocks
- bonds
- enzymes
- function
A
- amino acids: carboxyl group+amino group+R group
- peptide bonds
- peptidase
- structure and catalysts
20
Q
3 types of lipids
A
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids/waxes
21
Q
Triglycerides
- building blocks
- bonds
- enzymes
- function
A
- glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- ester bonds
- lipase
- lots of energy storage
22
Q
Phospholipids
- building blocks
- bonds
- enzymes
- function
A
- glycerol+2 fatty acids+phosphate group+ organic group
- ester bonds
- lipase
- cell membrane structure
23
Q
Steroids and waxes function of each
A
- animal hormones
- mycolic acid
24
Q
Nucleic Acids; DNA and RNA
- building blocks
- bonds
- enzymes
- function
A
- nucleotides: base/pentose/phosphate group
- phosphodiester and hydrogen(DNA)
- nuclease
- genetic info and protein synthesis
25
DNA
- double stranded
- thymine
- millions of nucleotides
- genetic info
26
RNA
- single stranded
- uracil
- thousands of nucleotides
- protein synthesis
27
explain the lock and key model of enzymes
enzymes are specific for a particular substrate
28
Factors that influence enzymes activity
- PH: optimal at 7
- temp: higher temp higher activity
- concentration: high concentration higher activity
29
Prokaryotes: exterior cell structures
- flagella
- pili
- fimbriae
- axial filaments
30
prokaryotic flagella
long slender thread like appendages composed of protein
- propeller like motility
31
prokaryotic axial filaments
- protein fibrils wound around organism and attached at two poles
- rapid motility in cork screw motion
32
prokaryotic fimbriae
- short hairlike fibers composed of protein
- adherence factor
33
prokaryotic pilli
- elongated and tubular
- bacterial conjugation: transfer DNA using plasmids
34
Prokaryotes: cell surface layers
- capsule
- cell wall
- plasma membrane
35
Prokaryotic capsule
- glycocalyx
- exterior coating of cell wall
- capsule or slime layer
- made of carbs and proteins
36
prokaryotic cell wall
- peptidoglycan
- shape, support, flagella attachment
37
plasma membrane
- phospholipid bilayer and proteins
- allow material to enter or exit
38
gram + cell wall
thick layer of peptidoglycan + teichoic acid
39
gram - cell wall
thin layer of peptidoglycan + outer plasma membrane
40
prokaryotes: internal cell structure
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
- ribosomes
- inclusion bodies
- endospores
-plasmids
41
prokaryotic cytoplasm
gelatinous substance of cell inside plasma membrane
42
prokaryotic nucleiods
single long continuously arranged threas of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
- bacterial chromosome/genetic info
43
prokaryotic ribosomes
- free or bound to cell membrane
- 2 subunits
- protein synthesis
44
prokaryotic plasmids
- small circular extrachromosomal dna
- transfered by pili
45
inclusion bodies
- storage vessels or reserves for nutrients
46
bacterial cell measurement
micrometer= 1/1,000 mm
47
Unusual prokaryotes
- rickettsia
- chlamydiae
- mycoplasma
- bdellovibrios
- actinomycetes
48
unusual rickettsia
- obligate intracellular organism
- small
- need arthropod vector
- RASH
49
unusual chlamydiae
- obligate intracellular
- small
- elementary-reticulate-elementary
- binary fission reproduction
50
unusual mycoplasma
- no cell wall
- fried egg colony appearance
- smallest organism capable of living outside of host cell
51
unusual bdellovibrios
- leech/curved
- parasitize other gram - rods
52
unusual actinomycetes
- actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces
- filamentous appearance
53
Eukaryotes: exterior cell structure
- flagella
- cilia
54
eukaryotic flagella
long projection composed of 9+2 microtubules
- much thicker than prokaryotes and few per cell
- mermaid motility
55
eukaryotic cilia
- like flagella but short and many per cell
- movement and feeding
56
Eukaryotes: cell surface layers
- cell wall
- plasma membrane
57
eukaryotic cell wall
- carbs and no peptidoglycan
- algae, fungi, plants
- shape and protection
58
Eukaryotes: interior cell structures
- organelles
- cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
59
eukaryotic cytoskeleton
- cell skeleton
- support, shape, transport
- microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
60
Eukaryotic nucleus
- command center
- RNA synthesis and DNA genetic info
61
Eukaryotic mitochondria
- power plant
- generate energy in the form of ATP
62
eukaryotic ribosomes
- protein factories
- mede in nucleus
63
eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum
- rough: protein synthesis, packaging
- smooth: lipid synthesis
64
eukaryotic Golgi body
- protein packager
- modifies and targets proteins
65
eukaryotic lysosomes
- garbage disposal
66
eukaryotic microorganisms
- algae
- fungi
- protozoa
67
what eukaryotic organism is photosynthetic
algae
68
reaction for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 602
69
what photopigment do all algae possess that make some green
chlorophyll but other photopigments present as well
70
how are protozoa classified
locomotion
71
do protozoa have members involved in human disease
all classes of protozoa have members involved in human disease
72
dimorphic fungi
mold in nature and yeast in the body
73
how do yeast reproduce and what are they
budding and single cells
74
how do molds reproduce and what are they
spore formation and filaments of cells called hyphae
75
what is a mass of hyphae called
mycelium
76
Are viruses RNA or DNA
either RNA or DNA but not both
77
define nucleocapsid
nucleic acid with viral capsid
78
how are viruses measured
nanometers
79
explain icosahedral structure
- polyhedral
- 20 faces throughout
80
explain helical structure
- nucleic acid and capsomeres helically coiled together
- Hallow rod
81
how is a viral envelope acquired
as virion buds through cell membrane
82
purpose of viral spikes
allow viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection
- can only be on enveloped structures
83
5 stages of interaction between animal virus and host cell
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- assembly
- release
84
attachment stage of virus
most important stage for stopping infection
85
penetration stage of virus
endocytosis or membrane fusion
86
uncoating phase of virus
replication, transcription, translation
87
assembly stage of virus
DNA in nucleus , RNA in cytoplasm
88
release stage of virus
lysis without an envelope and budding with envelope
89
explain endocytosis
- no envelope
- engulfment of virions
90
explain membrane fusion
- envelope fuses with host cell
- nucleocapsid move in
91
explain lytic cycle
- phage attaches, penetrates, and injects itself into dna which is assembled into virions
- cell bursts and virions are released
92
explain lysogenic cycle
phage attcahes and infects dna in chromosome: prophage
- cell division
93
DNA cancers
- epstein barr
- hepatitis b
- Herpes virus 8
- HPV
94
RNA cancers
- retrovitus
- HIV
-AIDS
- hepatitis C
95
TSG
Suppress proliferation
- mutations cause cancer
96
protooncogenes
stimulate proliferation
- mutations can cause cancer
97
physical requirements for bacterial growth
- temp: 37
- pH: 6-8, 7-7.2bacteria, 5-6 fungi
- gas: CO2 and O2
- osmotic pressure: isotonic conditions
98
chemical requirements for bacterial growth
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
-... oxygen for most
99
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission
100
process of binary fission
- cell elongates/dna replication
- invagination at mid point
- cross wall formation
- cells separate
101
bacterial growth curve phases
- lag
-log
- stationary
- death
102
lag phase of growth
- cells adapting
- little to no cell division
103
log phase of growth
- rapid cell division
- lots of nutrients
-cells most vulnerable
104
stationary phase of growth
- nutrients decrease
- toxins present
- cell death=cell growth
105
death phase of growth
- nutrients depleted
- toxins increase
- cell death > cell growth
106
methods to measure bacterial growth
- turbidity
- direct microscopic count
- standard plate count
107
standard plate count measurement calculation
colony count x dilution factor
108
define sterilization
destruction of all forms of microbial life
109
define disinfection
destruction of pathogenic organisms
110
Factors that influence control methods
- size
- time
- concentration of agent
- higher temps
- pH
- special protection
- organic matter
111
7 physical methods of control
- heat
- filtration
- pasteurization
- osmotic pressure
- radiation
- desiccation
- low temps
112
Heat method of control
- superior method
- inactivates proteins
- moist heat superior to dry heat
113
filtration method of control
separate microbe from source
114
pasteurization method of control
mild heat destroys pathogens
115
osmotic pressure method of control
high concentrations dehydrate microbes
116
radiation method of control
damage to protiens and dna
117
desiccation method of control
dehydration inhibits bacterial growth
118
refrigeration method of control
decrease enzyme activity and cant reproduce
119
define antiseptic
chemicals applied to the body
120
define disinfectant
chemicals used on non living objects
121
action of chemical methods
denature proteins and disrupt plasma membrane
122
cidal vs static
cidal = kill
static=inhibit
123
spectrum of resistance from least to most
envelope-gram+-no envelope-fungi-gram--protozoa-mycobacterium-endospores
124
what are the superior chemical methods
- chlorine
- hydrogen peroxide
- aldehydes
- gaseous sterilants
125
3 reasons for decrease in infectious disease
- sanitation
- drugs/antibiotics
- vaccines
126
define antimicrobial drug
synthetic drug made in lab
127
define antibiotic
natural product made by 1 microbe that kills or inhibits another
128
how do sulfa and trimethoprin drugs work
inhibit folic acid synthesis
129
how do ethambutol and isoniazid drugs work
inhibit mycolic acid in cell wall
130
6 mechanisms of antibiotics
- inhibition of cell cell
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- disruption of nucleic acids
- disruption of plasma membrane
- inhibit folic acid
- inhibit fungal infections
131
drugs used to inhibit cell wall
- penecillins
- cephalosporins
- bacitracin
- vancomycin
132
drugs used to inhibit protein synthesis
- aminoglycosides
- tetracycline
- chloramphenicol
133
drugs used to disrupt nucleic acids
- quinolones
- rifampin
134
drugs used to disrupt plasma membrane
- polymyxins
135
drugs used to inhibit folic acid synthesis
- sulfonamides
- trimeothorpin
136
drugs used to inhibit fungal infections
- polyenes
- imidazole
- griseofulvin
137
explain the kirby bauer test
- tests effectivness of agent against organisms
- zones of inhibition measured
- organisms tested for SIR to drug
138
explain MIC test
determines minimum concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth
139
5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
- enzymes inactivate drug
- drug cannot enter cell
- pumps drug out of cell
- mutations and drug cannot bind
- alternate pathway or enzyme
140
define normal flora
microorganisms normally found on a habitat of the body consistently
141
microbe and host interactions
- mutualistic: host and microbe benefit
- commensal: microbes benefit
- opportunistic: microbes benefit host is harmed
142
3 major interacting factors of that determine if infection occurs
- virulence of organism
- number of organisms
- state of immune response
143
6 virulence factors
- optimal body site
- adherence
- escape
- invasion
- siderophores
- toxicity
144
3 major concerns of pathology
- etiology: cause of disease
- pathogenesis: development
- effects on patient's physiology
145
Define reservoirs and what are they
- continual source/origin of organism
- humans, animals, soil, food, water
146
Define transmission route and what are they
- how pathogen spreads
- contact, vehicle, animal
147
5 portals of entry for pathogen
- respiratory
- gastrointestinal
- genitourinary
- skin/mucus membranes
- blood
148
4 phases of disease development
- incubation
- prodromal
- illness
- recovery
149
incubation phase of development
- time between infection and first s/s
150
prodromal phase of development
short period of mild s/s
151
illness phase of development
acute, full blown disease, over s/s. highest level of organisms
152
recovery phase of development
recovery time, s/s subside
153
define acute
rapid for short duration
154
define chronic
slow but mild and lasts longer
155
define primary infection
bodys defenses overcome by pathogen
156
define secondary infection
opportunistic organisms cause infection after primary infection
157
define inapparent infection
no signs and symptoms but still contagious
158
define endemic
constantly in geographical area
159
define epidemic
increase during specific period of time
160
define sporadic
occasionally in random sporadic ways
161
define prevalence
percentage of population with disease at any given time
162
define incidence
percentage of population with disease during specific period of time
163
purpose of the first line of defense
impede entry of microbes
164
physical barriers of first line of defense
skin and mucucs membranes
- physical, chemical, and genetic barriers
165
chemical barriers of first line of defense
lysozymes, acids, interferons
166
genetic barriers of first line of defense
some pathogens only infect specific species
167
components of second line of defense
- fever
- inflammation
- phagocytosis
- interferons
- compliment
168
steps of phagocytosis
- ingestion
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
169
steps of inflammation
- tissue damage
- chemicals released
- vasodilation
- chemotactic factors
- phagocytes respond
- tissue repair
170
major WBC of 1st and 2nd line of defense
phagocytes
171
components of third line of defense
- humoral response
- cell mediated response
172
what is the humoral response
production of antibodies
173
interaction between antigens and antibodies in humoral response
antibodies bind to epitope of antigen
174
antibody structure
- glycoproteins produced in response to antigen
- y shaped structure
- 4 polypeptide chains: 2 heavy and 2 light
- epitope
- hapten
175
5 classes of antibodies
- IgG*
- IgM*
-IgA
- IgE
- IgD
176
IgG
- primary secondary response
- crosses placental barrier
- major class in circulation
177
IgM
- largest
- first Ig to increase in antigen response
178
IgA
- 1st line of defense
- body secretions
179
IgE
- allergic reactions
- bound to surface of other cells
180
direct pathway of antibody production
- proteins
- APC-TH2 Cells-B cells-plasma cells- antibodies
181
indirect pathway of antibody production
- carbs
- B cells- Plasma cells- antibodies
182
primary antibody response
directly after exposure, IgM responds then IgG
183
secondary antibody response
second exposure, memory cells, IgG is the primary response and greatly increases
184
T/F T cells respond to antigen only in context of MHC molecules
True
185
Cell types involved in humoral response
B cells
Plasma cells
lymphocytes
186
What is the cell mediated response
direct cell-cell contact leading to destruction of infected/abnormal cells
187
cell types involved in cell mediated response
APC, MHC-2, TH1, cytokines, cytotoxic cells
188
T cytotoxic cell lysis process
- T cells recognize antigen
- granules move to point of contact between cells and fuse with membrane
- enzyme cause lysis of target cells
- Tc Cells released unharmed to target another cell
189
major WBC involved in third line of defense
lymphocyte
190
natural passive immunity
antibodies passed from mother to fetus
191
artificial passive immunity
anti serum containing preformed antibodies
192
natural active immunity
natural immune response produces antibodies
193
artificial active immunity
antigen exposure through vaccine created antibodies
194
define vaccine
provides active acquired immunity to infectious disease
195
categories of vaccines
- killed bacteria or viruses
- live attenuated bacteria or virus
- toxoids/recombinant (genetic engineering)
196
MMR vaccine
- mumps, measles, rubella
- live attenuated
197
DTaP
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
198
define antiserum
serum containing antibodies
immunoglobulin
199
body parts with normal flora
- skin
- eyes
- mouth/throat
- ear/nose
- LARGE INTESTINES
- external urethra
- reproductive tract
200
sterile body parts with no normal flora
- larynx/trachea/lungs
- stomach
- small intestines
- uterus
- blood/tissues
201
Respiratory tract bacteria pathogens
- streptococcus pyogenes/pneumonia
- neisseria menengitidis
- hamephilus influenza
- bordetella pertusis
- cornybactreium diptheria
- mycobacterium tuberculosis/leprae
- legionella pneumophila
202
Strep pyogenes/pneumonia
- gram + cocci, catalase -, hemolysis
- pyogenes: strep throat, beta
- pneumonia: alpha, diploccocci
203
Haemphilius influenza
- gram stain
- type
- gram - coccobacilli
- type b
204
Neiserria meningitidis
- gram stain
- gram - diplococci
205
Bordetella pertiussi
- gram stain
- infection caused
- gram - coccobacilli
- whooping cough
206
Corynebacterium diptheria
- gram satin
- gram - rods
- DTaP
207
Mycobacterium
acid fast organism
- leprae and tuberculosis
208
legionella pnuemonia
- gram stain
- transmission
- know
- gram - type wall
- inhalation of contaminated water
- resistant to normal chlorine
209
unusual prokaryotic pathogens of respiratory tract
- mycoplasma pneumonia
- chalmydiae pneumonia/psittaci
- coxiella burnetti
210
general fungal information
- fungal spores inhaled
- dimorphic
- most do not become systemic but they can
211
bacterial pathogens that cause menengitis: inflammation of meninges
- streptococcus pneumonia
- neisseria meningitidis
- Haemphilus influenza
212
fungal pathogens of the respiratory tract
- cryptococcus neoformans
- pneumocystis carnii
- coccidroides immitis: SW USA
- histoplasma capsulatum: Central/MW USA
- Blastomyces dermatididis: Eastern US
213
what two fungi pathogens were rare before AIDS and found worldwide
- cryptococcus neofromans
- pneumocystis carnii
214
what are the five cold viruses of the respiratory tract
- Rhinovirus (leading cause)
- parainfluenza
- RSV
- Coronavirus
- reovirus
- all RNA
215
Viruses of the respiratory tract
- cold viruses
- adenovirus
- influenza
- Mumps, measles, rubella
- hentavirus
- varicella zoster
- variola
216
Adenovirus
DNA and conjunctivitis
217
Influenza
- RNA
- spikes
- antigenic changes
- formulated inactivated chick embryo
218
influenza spikes
- hemagglutinin: attachment to host cell
- nuerominidase: penetration from host cell
219
influenza antigenic changes
- shift: major change in spike
- drift: minor change in spike
220
Mumps, measles, rubella
RNA, one type, human host, MMR vaccine
-measles is the most serious
- mumps involves parotid glands
- congenital rubella syndrome
221
hentavirus vector
deer mice
222
varicella zoster disease
DNA, herpes family, chicken pox
223
variola disease
small pox
224
intoxication vs infection
ingest toxin vs ingest pathogen that forms toxin
225
4 mechanisms of GI intestinal disease
- intoxication
- adherence
- adherence/invasion
- systemic
226
intoxication bacteria's of GI
- staphylococcus aureus
- bacillus cereus: gram + rods
- clostridium botulinum/perfringens
227
staphylococcus aureus GI
- gram stain
- disease caused
- gram + cocci
- most common cause of food poisoning
228
clostridium botulinum
- gram stain
- consequences
- gram + rods
- neurotoxin, CNS, paralysis
229
adherence bacterias of GI
- enterobacteriaceae: gram - rods, E.coli
- Vibrionceae: curved gram - rods
230
vibriochlera
- severe dehydrateion and lost electrolytes
231
adherence and invasion bacteria of GI
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- E.coli
232
systemic bacteria of GI
- salmonella typhi: infects tissues/organs
- Yersinia
- listeria monocytogenes
233
yersinia
- s/s
swelling of lymph nodes that mock appendicitis
234
Listeria monocytogenes
- gram stain
- serious consequences
- gram + rod
- dangerous for pregnant women and immunosuppressed
235
protozoa of GI and significance and motility of each
- entamoeba histolytica: pseudopods
- balantidium coli: cilia, swine pigs
- giardia lambila: flagella, waterborne diarrhea
- toxoplasma gondii: uncooked meat/cats
- cryptosporidium parvum: AIDS, found in lakes and streams
236
viruses of GI
-local: norwalk and rotavirus
- systemic (enteroviruses): polio, coxsackie, echovirus, Hep A
- Hepatitis viruses
237
local norwalk Virus GI
-RNA or DNA
-disease
- RNA
- winter vomiting disease
238
significance of local rotavirus GI
loss of fluids/shock fatal for infants
239
hand/foot/mouth disease caused by what virus
coxsackie
240
croup caused by what virus
echovirus
241
Hepetitius A and E
- fecal/oral route
- no chronic carriers
- short incubation
242
HEP B,C,D
- Blood/bodily fluids
- chronic carriers
- long incubations
243
Bacteria of oral cavity
- dental carrie
- gingivitis/periodontitis
244
process of dental carrie formation
- sucrose-glucose-dextrose-plaque-acids-erosion
245
fungi of oral cavity
- candida albicans: oral thrush, normal flora, opportunistic, psuedophae
246
Viruses of oral cavity
- herpes simplex 1: oral herpes
- cytomegalovirus: immunosupressed
- epstein barr virus: mono, cancer
247
Genitourinary tract pathogens
-UTI'S
-vaginitis
- STD's
248
UTI's
- gram - rods, e. coli
- nosocomial catheters
- cystitis and pylenephritis
249
Vaginitis
- candida albicans: endogenerous
- trichomonas vaginalis: flagellate protozoa
- gardnerella vaginalis: gram - rod
250
STD Bacteria
- chlamydia trachomatis: gram - rod
- neiserria gonorrhea: gram - diplococci
- treponema pallidum: syphilis spirochete
- strep. agalactiae: complications, grp B beta
251
STD viruses
- herpes simplex 2 : genital herpes
- hep B: Liver cancer
- HPV: warts
- HIV: AIDS
252
local std infections
papillomavirus and herpes
253
systemic std infections
syphilis, aids, gonorrhea
254
bacteria skin pathogens
- streptococcus aureus: hair follicles
- staphylococcus pyogenes: necrotizing facitis
- psuedo aeruginosa: slime layer
- clostridium tetani: lock jaw
- clostridium perfringens: gas gangrene
255
degine dermatophyte
fungal infections of hair, skin, and nails
256
direct zoonoses
- bacillus anthracis
- rabies
257
bacillus anthracis
- gram + rod
- cutaneous, gastric, pulmonary
258
rabies
- RNA, bullet shaped
- CNS/PNS- encephalitis
259
indirect zoonoses
- yersinia pestis
- borriella borgdofieri
- rickettsia
- hemoflaggelates
- sporoza
260
yersinia pestis
plague
rodent-rat flea
bipolar staining
261
borriella borgdofieri
lymes disease , spirochete
animals/humans-deer tick
262
rickettsial diseases
rickettsi: rocky mountain: tick
prowazeki: endemic: body lice
typhi: epidemic: rat flea
263
hemoflagellates
- long, slender, flagellated
- trypansoma: tste fly, reduvid bug
- leishmania: sand fly
264
sporoza
- non motile protozoa
- plasmodium: mosquito, malaria
- babesio microti: ixodes scapularis
265
zoonose viruses
- togaviridae/bunyaviridae
- RNA, masquitos
- encephalitis
