Unit 3 lecture 11-15 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Define Immune system
A
multilevel network that provides complete protection against infection
2
Q
what does first line of defense include and what is its purpose
A
- impede entry of microbes and all foreign matter
- physical barriers
- chemical barriers
- genetic barriers
3
Q
physical barriers
A
- skin and mucous membranes
4
Q
major factors that inhibit growth on skin
A
dry, salty, acidic
5
Q
define mucous membrane
A
epithelial layer that secreted mucus
prevents drying and traps microbes
6
Q
major tracts lined with mucus membrane
A
- respiratory
- urinary
- gastrointestinal
- reproductive
7
Q
stratum corneum
A
top layer of epidermis
8
Q
epidermis
A
top layer of skin
9
Q
dermis
A
layer below epidermis
10
Q
sebaceous layer
A
layer below dermis
11
Q
sweat gland
A
looks like hall of noodles
12
Q
sebaceous/oil gland
A
circular pores extending from hair follicle
13
Q
chemical barriers
A
- sebaceous glands
- meibomian glands
- lysozyme
- sweat
- hydrochloric acid
- act as natural anti microbials
14
Q
where are sebaceous glands found
A
dermis layer of skin
15
Q
where are meibomian glands found
A
eye lid secretions
16
Q
where are lysozymes found
A
tears, saliva, blood tissue, nasal secretions
17
Q
where is sweat found
A
acidic salty secretions of skin
18
Q
where is hydrochloric acid found
A
stomach
19
Q
what are genetic barriers
A
natural barrier created by pathogen specifically for specific host
- stops the spread of disease based on genetic differences
20
Q
2nd line of defense includes…
A
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
- fever
- interferons
- compliment
21
Q
define phagocyte
A
scavenger WBCs that engulf and destroy particulate matter
22
Q
main WBC involved in second line of defense
A
Phagocyte
23
Q
neutrophils
A
- 60-70 percent WBCs
- short lifespan
- bone marrow
- enter tissue
- highly motile
24
Q
macrophages
A
- 5 percent WBCs
- months to years
- blood vessel walls
- enter tissue
25
4 steps of phagocytosis
- ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
26
Chemotaxis
- wbc moves toward microbe
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adherence
close contact between WBC and microbe (PAMPs)
WBC has (PRRs) recognize and bind to PAMPs
28
ingestion
microbe internalized by WBC by phagosome
29
digestion
phagolysozomes released called residual bodies that fuse with the plasma membrane and are released
30
4 hallmarks of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling, pain
31
process of inflammation
- tissue damage
- chemicals released
- vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
- chemotactic factors released
- phagocytes respond
- tissue repair
32
define fever
abnormal elevated body temp
universal sign of infection
33
benefits of fever
- inhibits multiplication of temp sensitive microbes
- decreases availability of iron
- increases phagocytic activity
- stimulates inflammation
- stimulate squire IR
34
define interferons
protein released in response to viral entry that inhibit viral replication
not virus specific but host specific
35
genetic engineering of interferons
- protein production: pharmaceuticals and vaccines
- alter organisms: pesticides
- source of DNA for study
36
what is the compliment cascade and what is the end result
sequential physiological response that involves at least 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria
- result in lysis: small punctures
37
what is the third line of defense
acquired immunity
response once infection has surpassed first and second line
humoral response and cell mediated response
38
major cell types of third line of defense
- macrophages and dendritic cells
- lymphocytes
-b cells
-T cells
- natural killer cells
39
function of macrophages
process antigen and present to lymphocytes
- ingest and kill foreign cells
40
functions of dendrites
process antigen and present it to lymphocytes
41
function of lymphocytes
migrate in and out of foreign tissue
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function of B cells
differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral response)
mature in bone marrow
43
function of T cells
assist b cells and kill foreign cells (cell mediated immunity)
mature in thymus
44
T helper cells
- TH1
- TH2
45
function of TH1 and TH2
- TH1: activate T cytotoxic cells and macrophages
- TH2: activate B cells
46
T cytotoxic cells
seek out and lyse infected cells in the body
47
B cell receptors
immunoglobulin cells
IgD or IgM
48
T cell receptors
TRC complex and CD3 protein
49
Natural killer cells
active against cancerous and virally infected cells
50
MHC-1receptors
found on all nucleated cells of the body
51
MHC-2 receptors
present on macrophages and B cells
52
clonal selection theory
when foreign antigen enters body, only lymphocytes having receptors specific for that antigen will be activated to proliferate
53
What is the humoral response
production of antibodies
54
define antigen
foreign matter that triggers a specific immune response
55
define epitope
small portion of antigen to which antibody binds
56
define hapten
too small to induce synthesis. must first conjugate to large carrier protein
57
define antibody
- glycoproteins produced in response to specific antigen
58
5 classes of antibodies
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgE
- IgD
59
IgG
- primary secondary response
- only class that crosses placental barrier
- eliminates gram - and gram +
- 80 percent of total Igs
- neutralization of viruses and toxins
60
IgM
- 5 to 10 percent antibodies
- largest Ig
- first Ig to increase in antigen response
- lysis of gram - bacteria
- M: macroglobulin
61
IgA
- 1st line of defense
- monomer form: serum
- diner form: mucus secretions
- respiratory, genitoruinary, intestinal, and breast milk
- 1-15%
62
IgE
- 0.002 %
- responsible for allergic reactions
- Fc portion bound tightly to basophils and mast cells
- desensitization programs
63
steps in T cell dependent pathway
- protein based
- APC-TH2 Cells- B cells- plasma cells - antibodies
64
steps in T cell independent pathway
- simple carbs
- B cells-plasma cells-antibodies
65
what cells are responsible for amnesties response
memory cells
66
what is amnestic response
rapid production of antibody following second contact with antigen
67
primary response to antigen
- occurs directly after exposure
- IgM responds first then IgG
68
secondary response to antigen
- antigen exposed to body for the second time
- me rory cells produced that allow body to respond quickly and effectively
- IgG primary response and increases significantly
69
6 roles of antibodies
- activation of compliment
- inflammation
- cytotoxicity
- neutralization
- opsonization
- agglutination
70
cell mediated response
- cell-cell contact leading to destruction of infected/abnormal cells
- defends against bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms, cancer cells
71
process of cell mediated response
- APC engulf, process, and display antigen fragments in MHC-2
- TH1 cells recognize MHC2/Ag and bind
- in response to cytokines: TH1 cells activated
- Activated TH1 cells produce additional cytokines which activate macrophages and T cytotoxic cells
72
define cytokine
secreted proteins of the immune system that have an affect on other cells
73
process of T cytotoxic cell lysis
- T cells recognize specific antigen in context on MHC1
- granules within cell move to point of contact between 2 cells and fuse with membrane
- potent cytolytic enzymes cause lysis of target cells
- Tc cells released unharmed to seek out another target cell
74
T cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells
- both derived from bone marrow and target and lyse cells
- NKC do not recognize Ag/MHC-1
- important in killing malignant cells and antibody released cells
75
active immunity
- person exposed to antigen, antibody created, memory forms
- long term protection
76
passive immunity
preformed antibodies
immediate protection
short term
77
Natural active
immune response produced antibodies
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artificial active
antigen exposure through vaccine
immune response produces antibodies
79
natural passive
antibodies pass from mother to fetus
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artificial passive
anti-serum containing preformed antibodies
81
define vaccine
provides active acquired immunity to infectious disease
82
4 categories of vaccines
- killed bacteria or viruses
- living attenuated bacteria or virus
- toxoids/capsular material of bacteria
recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
83
benefits of live vaccines
- grow in host
- stimulate antibody production for longer period of time
- stimulate numeral and cell mediated response
- induce production of IgA
84
why do some vaccine require boosters
to ensure an effective secondary response
85
define normal flora
organism found on consistent basis in specific body areas
- compete with and control pathogens
86
body parts with normal flora
- skin
- eyes
- nasal cavity, middle ear, auditory tube, pharynx (highly colonized)
- mouth, esophagus (highly colonized)
- large intestines(extreme numbers)
- external urethra
- reproductive tracts
87
sterile body parts
- larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchus
- stomach
- small intestines
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
- blood and tissues
88
things to know about normal flora
- what is normal flora for one person may not be normal flora for another
- what is normal flora on one body part may not be normal flora on another
- gram (+) bacteria
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what is the ciliary escalator
mucus traps organisms and particles and the cilia moves them up and out
90
streptococcus
- gram (+) cocci, catalase -
- grown in 5% sheep blood agar
- hemolysis
- species differentiated based on differences in C carbohydrates in cell walk
- denoted by group A-H, K-O
91
2 potential pathogens if streptococcus
- streptococcus pyogenes
- streptococcus pneumonia
92
Streptococcus pyogenes
- leading cause of strep disease
- >80 types based on differences in M protein
93
virulence factors of strep pyogenes
- M protein: adherence
- capsule
- produce enzymes and toxins
94
2 sequellae of strep pyogenes
- rehuematic fever
- glomerulinephritis
95
streptococcus pneumonia
- alpha hemolytic
- >100 types based on differences in capsule
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virulence of strep pneumonia
- capsule
- secretions of pneumolysins: impair immune response
97
define hemolysis and 3 types
- destruction of WBC
- alpha: partial
- beta: complete
- gamma: none
98
Meningitis
- inflammation of meninges
99
define meninges
3 layers of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
100
3 leading causes of bacterial meningitis
- haemphilus influenza
- neisseria meningitidis
- strep pneumonia
101
Haemphilius influenza
- gram - coccobacilli
- type b
- vaccine: capsular material
- virulence: capsule and endotoxins
102
Neisseria Meningitidis
- gram - diplococci
- vaccine: capsular material
103
virulence of neisseria meningitidis
- polysaccharide capsule
- fimbriae
- invade host cells and grow intracellularly
- large amount of endotoxins
104
streptococcus pneumonia
- gram (+) displococci
- vaccine: capsular material
105
3.) Bordetella Pertiussi (whooping cough)
- gram (-) coccobacilli
- virulence: fimbriae and toxin production
- vaccine: DT(aP): acellular fragments
106
4 stages of bordetella perfussis
- incubation: 7-10 days
- cattharal: sneezing, cough (1-2 weeks)
- spasmodic: violent cough, whooping sounds (1-6 weeks)
- convalescence: recovery (2wks-months)
107
4.) Corynebacterium Diptheria
- gram + rods
- vaccine: DTaP: inactivated diptheria toxin
- virulence: exotoxins and endotoxins
108
endotoxins of diphtheria
- 2 polypeptide chains
- a: steps protein synthesis in cell
- b: binding to host cell
109
5.) Mycobacterium
- acid fast organism (mycolic acid in cell wall)
- relatively non pathogenic
110
2 pathogens of micro bacterium
- tuberculosis
- leprae
111
advantage of acid fact
- increased generation time
- more resistant to chemicals
- resist destruction in macrophages
- cord factor
112
tuberculosis
- very contagious
- slow, chronic disease
- spread by inhalation of droplets
- form lesions on LRT
113
treatment of tuberculosis
multiple drugs over long period of time bc intracellular
114
Leprae
- not very contagious
- tuberculoid(neural): loss of sensation
- lepromatuous(progressive): disfigurement
115
treatment of leprae
multiple drugs over long period of time
116
6.) legionella pneumonia
- gram - type wall
- transmitted by inhalation of contaminated water
- resistant to normal chlorine levels
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virulence if legionella pneumophila
- produce toxins
- invade and grow in macrophages
118
unusual prokaryotes
- mycoplasma pneumonia
- chlamydia
- coxiella burnetti
119
1.) mycoplasma pneumonia
- smallest organism that can grow and reproduce without host cell
- pack peptidoglycan cell wall
- membrane contains sterols
- highly pleomorphic
- fried egg colony appearance
120
2.) chalmydia
- obligate intracellular organism
- different developmental cycle
121
chalmydia cycle
elementary body
reticulate body
elementary body
122
3 types of chalmydia
- pistacii: birds (respiratory)
- pneumonia: person-person(respiratory)
- trachomatis: sexually transmitted
123
3.) Coxiella Burnetti
- gram - coccobacilli
- transmitted by anthropoid vectors: cattle and ticks
- form endospore like structure
- vaccine: killed organisms
124
Fungi
- acquired by inhalation of fungal spores
- dimorphic
- all capable of causing systemic infection
125
what is meant by dimorphic
- mold in nature
- year in body
126
what 2 infections were rare before AIDS
- cryptococcus neoformans
- pneumocystis carnii
127
1.) Blastomyces Dermatididis
- endemic in eastern region US
- source: soil especially if exposed to animal wastes
128
2.) Histoplasma Capsulatum
- endemic in central mid western US
- source: most soil; bird and bat feces
129
3.) Coccidioides immitis
- endemic in hot and arid regions: southwest US
source: soil in hot arid regions
130
4.) cryptococcus neoformans
- worldwide
- yeast cells have large capsule
- source: pigeons, most soil
- chronic meningitis can result in immune suppressed
131
5.) pneumocystis carnii
- worldwide
- very common
- life threatening pneumonia can result in immune suppressed
132
Viruses
- common cold viruses
- influenza
- adenovirus
- mumps
- measles
- rubella
- hentavirus
- varicella zoster
- variola
133
viral disease process
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- assembly
- release
134
1.) common cold viruses
- all RNA
- rhinovirus (leading cause)
- parainfluenza
- respiratory syricytical virus
- coronavirus
- reovirus
135
2.) Influenza virus
- RNA
- spread through respiratory droplets
- frequent mutations
- viral spikes
- vaccine: grown in chick embryo; formalin inactivated
136
frequent mutations of influenza
- antigenic shift: major change in spike proteins
- antigenic drift: minor change spike proteins
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influenza viral spikes
- hemagglutinin: recognition/attachment of virus to host cell
- neuromunidase: penetration of virus from host cell during budding
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3.) Adenovirus
- DNA
- first isolated from adenoids
- can cause conjunctivitis
139
4.) Mumps
- RNA only one type
- becomes systemic and infects paranoid glands
- immunization: MMR, live attenuated
- spread through saliva/nasal secretions
140
5.) Measles
- RNA only one type
- becomes systemic
- koplik spots/rash
- can have serious consequences: encephalitis
- MMR vaccine
141
6.) Rubella
- RNA only one type
- rash: less severe than measles
- congenital rubella syndrome
- MMR vaccine
- flat red spots
142
7.) Hentavirus
- RNA
- transmitted by excretions from deer mice
- rapidly progress to respiratory failure and death
- no vaccine
143
8.) Varicella Zoster (chicken pox)
- DNA: in heroes family
- results in fluid filled blisters
- virus remains latent in host
- vaccine: live attenuated virus
144
recurrence of chicken pox
shingles (mostly adults)
145
9.) Variola virus (small pox)
- DNA
- lesions: leave disfiguring scars
- world wide immunization programs eradicated disease
- last case 1977
- live attenuated virus: vaccine
