Unit 1 lecture 1-6 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
define microbiology
A
The study of small life
2
Q
Benefits of Microorganisms
A
- Basis of the food chain
- decomposition of organic wastes
- photosynthesis
- nitrogen fixation
- digestion and production of vitamins
- commercial applications
- underground microbes
3
Q
Binomial Nomenclature
A
- named by genus and species
- capitalize genus not species
- underline and italicize both
- description, scientist, location
4
Q
Who created binomial nomenclature
A
Carl Von Linne in 1735
5
Q
medical microbiology
A
disease in humans and animals
6
Q
public health/epidemiology microbiology
A
monitor/control spread of disease
7
Q
immunology
A
hosts reactions to foreign substance in body
8
Q
industrial microbiology
A
food and water
9
Q
agriculture microbiology
A
agriculture of plants and animals
10
Q
6 subdivisions of microbiology
A
- public health/epidemiology
- immunology
- agricultural
- environmental
- industrial
- medical
11
Q
Van Leeuwenhoek
A
- 1700s
- developed microscope
- discovered microorganisms
12
Q
Hooke
A
- 1655
- reported cells as smallest form of human life
- cell theory
13
Q
Redi
A
- 1688
- life cannot spontaneously generate
- biogenesis
- 3 jars of meat
14
Q
Pasteur
A
- 1861
- final disproof of abiogenesis
- microbes can be destroyed with heat
- fermentation: aerobic/anaerobic
- vaccination
- pasteurization
15
Q
Hoch
A
- first definitive proof that bacteria cause disease
- postulates: specific bacteria cause specific diseases
16
Q
Biogenesis
A
living matter arises only from other living matter
17
Q
germ theory
A
microorganisms cause disease
18
Q
spontaneous generation
A
- abiogenesis
- life can spontaneously arise
19
Q
cell theory
A
all living things composed of cells
20
Q
fermentation
A
sugars converted to alcohol: anaerobic
21
Q
Anaerobic
A
Without air
22
Q
Aerobic
A
with air
23
Q
Pasteurization
A
extend shelf life of food using mild heat
24
Q
Bacteriology
A
study of bacteria
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mycology
study of fungi
26
Protozoology
study of protozoa
27
Phycology
Study of algae
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Virology
Study of viruses
29
When was golden age of microbiology
1857-1914!
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Who were the most influential during the golden age
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
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what was influential about golden age
- improved microscopy
- identified microbial agents of disease
- procedure to culture microbes
- developed vaccines
- role of immunity and prevention
- important surgical techniques
32
Whittaker Diagram Classes
- Monera: prokaryotes
- Protista, fungi, plants, animals: eukaryotes
33
Why are viruses not included
Not made up of cells
34
Monera
Archaea and bacteria
35
Fungi
Yeats and Molds
36
Protista
Algae and protozoa
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plants
mosses and trees
38
define polymer
- large macromolecules made by putting many smaller building blocks together
- the major macromolecules in all cells
39
Carbohydrates
- Building blocks: simple sugars
- bonds: glycosidic
- enzymes: hydrolyses
- function: nutrient and energy stores; structural support and protection
40
what is the cell wall for plants, bacteria, algae and fungi
Carbohydrates
41
Dehydration synthesis
- reactions for all macromolecules
- 1 water molecules lost as each bond formed
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Types of Lipids
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids and waxes
43
Triglycerides
- building blocks: glycerol+3 fatty acids
- bonds: ester bonds
- enzymes: lipase
- function: twice as much energy storage
44
Phospholipids
- building blocks: glycerol+2fatty acids+phosphate group+orgo group
- bonds: ester bonds
- enzymes: lipase
- function: structural component of cell membranes
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structure of phospholipid
- cell membrane bilayer
- polar heads: hydrophilic: glycerol, phosphate, organic
- nonpolar tails: hydrophobic: 2 fatty acids
46
Steroids
- comped organic ringed structures found in cell membranes and animal hormones
- cholesterol and mycoplasma
47
Waxes
- long chain of alcohol + saturated fatty acid
- water proofing property
- mycolic acid: waxy lipid layer found in cell wall of mycobacterium and nocardia
48
Proteins
- carboxyl group+amino group+R
- building blocks: amino acids
- bonds: peptide bonds
- enzymes: peptidase
- function: structure and catalyst
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Primary level of protein structure
sequence of amino acids
50
Secondary level of protein
folding of polypeptide chain in different regions; alpha helix/beta pleated sheer
51
Tertiary level of protein
fully folded 3 dimensional structure
52
Quaternary level of proteins
2 or more fully folded chains that form 1 functional unit
53
define enzymes
large globular proteins that work as biological catalyst to speed up biological reactions
54
Lock and key model of enzymes
Each enzymes is very specific for a particular substrate
55
Coenzymes/cofactors
additional non protein component an enzyme requires to be fully functional
56
Cofactors
help to bring active site and substrate together; metals
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Coenzymes
remove a chemical group from 1 substrate and add it to another; organic molecules
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factors that influence Enzyme activity
- PH: optimal or 7 or denaturation
- temp: 30-40C; higher temp higher activity
- substrate concentration: higher concentration higher activity
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Nuclei Acids DNA and RNA
- building blocks: nucleotides
- bonds: phosphodiester + hydrogen (DNA)
- enzymes: nucleases
- base pairing: A;T and G;C
60
DNA
- double stranded
- thymine
- millions of nucleotides
- genetic info
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RNA
- single stranded
- uracil
- 80-200,000 nucleotides
- protein synthesis
62
Composition of nucleotides
- base
- pentose (5 carbon sugar)
- phosphate group
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pyramidines
Cytosine and Thymine
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Purines
Guanine and Adenine
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Categories of Woese fox system
Domain bacteria
Domain archaea
Domain Eukaryotes
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appendages
- flagella
- axial filaments
- fimbriae
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Prokaryotic flagella
- long slender thread like appendages composed of protein
- motility in propeller motion
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prokaryotic axial filaments
- protein fibrils wound around organism and attached at 2 poles
- between cell wall and a lady’s membrane
- rapid motility in corkscrew motion
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prokaryotic Fimbriae
- short straight hair like fibers
- composed of protein
- adherence
70
Prokaryotic Pili
- elongated rigid tubular
- composed of pilin
- bacterial conjugation: transfer DNA
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Prokaryotic Surface Layers
- glycocalyx
- cell wall
- plasma membrane
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Prokaryotic Glycocalyx
- coating of sugar exterior to cell wall
- capsule or slime layer
- made of carbs and protein
- increase virulence bc of adherence
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Prokaryotic cell wall
- complex network of peptidoglycan
- maintains shape, structural support, attachment point of flagella
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Gram + cell wall
thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid
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Gram - cell wall
Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer plasma membrane
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Gram stain order
crystal violet, gram iodine, ethyl alcohol, safranin
- iodine forms complex with peptidoglycan
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Prokaryotic plasma membrane
- thin membrane consisting of phospholipid bilayer and protein
- allow material to enter or exit
- enzymes of respiration and atp synthesis
- synthesis of structural macromolecules
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internal structure of prokaryotes
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
- ribosomes
- plasmids
- inclusion bodies
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prokaryotic cytoplasm
- gelatinous substance of cell inside plasma membrane
- water and major macromolecules
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Prokaryotic nucleoid
- single long continuously arranged thread of DNA tightly coiled around special basis proteins
- bacterial chromosome
- genetic info
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Prokaryotic ribosomes
- 2 subunits each composed of RNA and proteins
- free or bound to cell membrane
- protein synthesis
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prokaryotic plasmids
- small circular extrachromosomal DNA
- transferred through bacterial conjugation
- antibiotic resistance
- production of toxins
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Inclusion bodies
- storage vessels or reserve deposits of nutrients
- interior to cell layer
84
Bacterial Cell measurement
- micrometer
- 1um= 1/1000 mm
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Unusual Prokaryotic Organisms
- rickettsia
- chlamydiae
- mycoplasma
- l forms
- bdellovibrios
- actinomycetes
86
Rickettsia
- obligate intracellular parasites
- gram - rods 1-2 um long
- humans only infected by bite of anthropoid vector
- spotted rash
87
Chlamydiae
- obligate intracellular parasites
- related to gram - bacteria
- reproduce by binary fission
- do not require anthropoid vectors
- 0.2-1.5 um cocci
88
Mycoplasma
- smallest organism capable of growth outside of host cell
- pleomorphic morphology: vary in size and shape
- completely lack cell wall
- cultured on solid media: fried egg appearance
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L forms
- bacterial cells devoid of cell walls
- naturally arise from a mutation in cell wall forming genes
- formation can be induced by toxic salts
90
Bdellovibrios
- leech
- parasitize other bacteria
- comma shaped 1-2 um long
- unusual developmental cycle
91
Actinomycetes
- obligate anaerobic
- grown in mycelium
- tissue destroying disease
92
Nocardia
- aerobic gram + acid fast
- lesions on hands and feet, lung infections
93
Streptomyces
- rarely cause disease
- extremely important in antibiotics
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Eukaryotic appendages
- flagella
- cilia
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eukaryotic flagella
- long projection composed of 9+2 microtubules
- 10x thicker than prokaryotes
- few per cell
- motility in mermaid motion
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eukaryotic cilia
- identical to flagella but short and many per cell in precise rows around organism
- movement and feeding
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Eukaryotic surface layers
- cell wall
- glycocalyx
- plasma membrane
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eukaryotic cell wall
- only in algae, fungi, plants
- carbs and does not contain peptidoglycan
- fungi: thigh layer cellulose
- algae: all cellulose + pectin,mannans,and/or minerals
- cell shape, protection against osmotic pressure
99
eukaryotic glycocalyx
- outer layer of carbohydrates
- adherence cell-cell or environment
- cell recognition: reception of signals form other cells + environment
100
eukaryotic plasma membrane
- phospholipid bilayer with proteins
- transport minerals in/out of cell
- contains steroid for support
101
Internal structures of eukaryotes
- cytoskeleton
- organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi, lysosomes
102
Cytoskeleton
- cell skeleton
- comped internal network of fibers
- support, shape, transport
- microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules
103
Organelles
Structures inside cytoplasm with a specific shape and specialized function within cell
104
Nucleus
- cells command center
- rRNA synthesis, ribosomal subunits made
- DNA: genetic info
105
Mitochondria
- cells power plant
- generates energy in form of ATP
106
Ribosomes
- protein factories
- made in nucleus
107
Endo plastic Reticulum
- rough: protein synthesis, packaging, transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
- smooth: nutrient processing, lipid synthesis
108
Golgi Body
- packager of proteins
- modifies proteins and targets them
109
Lysosomes
- cells garbage disposal
- release digestive enzymes which break down bacterium
110
Eukaryotic microorganisms
- algae
- fungi
- protozoa
111
Algae
- photosynthetic and have cell walls
112
chloroplasts
organelles in which photosynthesis takes place
113
Chlorophyll
- and other pigments
- determine color of algae and wavelengths of light they can absorb
114
1.) Chlorophyta
- green
- most diverse group
- single cells, colonies, filimentous
115
2.) Euglnophyta
- green/ yellow-green
- also carotene
- single cell without cell wall that possess pellicle
116
3.) Chrysophyla
- yellow-green/ golden brown
- carotene + xanthrophysis
- unicellular diatoms: produce O2
- pectin and cilia in cell walls
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4.) Phaeophyta
- brown (fucoxanthin)
- most complex
- huge, multicellular, rapid growth
118
5.) Pyrophyta
- dinoflagellates
- carotene and xanthins
- unicellular: motile by 2 flagella
- blooms
119
6.) Rhodophyta
- red
- phycobiliproteins
- greatest depths below ocean surface
- unicellular: note flagellated ever
- gellidium: agar
120
Protozoa
- non photosynthetic and lack cell walls
- first animals
- 4 groups based on means of locomotion
- typhozoite and cyst form
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Typhozoite protozoa
metabolically active feeding form
122
Cyst protozoa
- rounded dormant formed for survival when…
- food/moisture/oxygen lacking
- temp not suitable
- toxic chemicals present
123
Fungi
- non photosynthetic but have cell walls
- dimorphic: exist in two forms
- yeasts and molds
124
Yeast cells
- single cells, oval 5-10um
- reproduce by budding
- alcohol production and leavening
125
Molds
- Filaments of cells called hyphae
- reproduce by spore formation
- 3 major classes of fungi
126
define Mycellium
Mass of hyphae
127
Zygomycetes
Asexual: sporangiospores
sexual: zygospores
128
Ascomycetes
Asexual: candiospores
sexual: ascospores
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Basidmycetes
sexual: basidospores
130
define virus
obligate intracellular parasites not cells
- piece of nucleoid acid in a capsid
131
isocahedral shape
- polyhedral like soccer ball
- 20 faces, each equilateral, forms hollow sphere
- nucleus acid inside
- amount of capsomeres depend on viral type
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Helical shape
- viral nucleoid acid and capsomeres helically coiled together to form hollow rod
- all animal helical viruses are RNA
133
Viral envelope
- outerlipid membrane surrounding virion
- acquired as virion buds through host cell membrane
134
virus measurement
- nanometers
- 1nm= 1/1000000 mm
135
3 major methods to study disease
- animal models: disease process and immune response
- chick or duck embryo: grow viruses for vaccines
- cell culture: most common
136
5 phases of interaction of animal viruses with its host cell
- attachment
- penetration
- uncoating
- assembly
- releases
137
Attachment phase
- virus attaches to specific receptors on host cell surface
- most important stage for stopping viral infection
138
Penetration phase
- virus penetrated into host cell
- 1 of 2 ways endocytosis or membrane fusion
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endocytosis
- without envelope
- engulfment of virions by host cell membrane
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Membrane fusion
- envelope fuses with host cell membrane
- nucleocapsid moves into host cells
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Uncoating phase
uncoating and of viral capsid and poly synthesis within cell
- replication,transcription and translation
142
Assembly phase
- DNA assembles in nucleus
- RNA assembles in cytoplasm
143
Release phase
- release virions by lysis if without envelope
- release through budding if with envelope
144
define bacteriophage
viruses that infect bacterial cells
145
lytic cycle
- page attaches to host cell and penetrates and injects dna
- phage dna directs synthesis of viral components by host cell which are assembled into virions
- cell bursts and virions released
146
Lysogenic cycle
- phage attaches to host cell and infects dna which integrates within bacterial chromosome: prophage
- many cell divisions occur
147
Plasmid
- extrachromosomal
- non viral
- many contain genes for toxin production
- increase virulence
148
Prophage
- inserted into dna of host cell
- viral in origin
- may contain genes for toxin production
- increase virulence
149
Protooncogenes
- protroncogones- proteins- stimulate proliferation
- transformation if altered or amount of proteins increase
150
TSG
- TSG- proteins- suppress proliferation
- transformation if TMG mutated, deleted or proteins altered or removed
151
Cancers from DNA viruses
- epstein barr
- hepatitis b
- HPV
- Human Herpes Virus 8
152
Cancers from RNA viruses
- retrovirus
- HIV
- Aids
- hepatitis c
153
Retroviruses
- viral rna-dna-integration
- virion bonded to host cell receptors
- penetration of virion into host cell
- uncoating of viral capsid
- reverse transcriptase: RNA- DNA
- viral dna integrated into host cell dna
- biosynthesis: replication of DNA
- assembly of viral particles
- release croons through budding
