Unit 2 lecture 7-10 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Chemical Requirements for growth
A
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
- sulfur
2
Q
Carbon purpose
A
make all of the macromolecules that cells need
3
Q
hydrogen
A
make macromolecules and form hydrogen bonds
4
Q
oxygen
A
mack macromolecules and metabolism
5
Q
nitrogen
A
make amino acids, nucleic acids, ATP
6
Q
Phosphorus
A
Make ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids
7
Q
sulfur
A
make amino acids, vitamins, disulfide bonds
8
Q
Transport mechanisms
A
- Diffusion
- Active transport
9
Q
Define diffusion
A
molecules move from area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
10
Q
simple diffusion
A
limited, lipid soluble molecules
11
Q
Facilitated diffusion
A
carrier protein bonds substances and changes shape. transport
12
Q
Active Transport
A
Against concentration gradient or with but at a faster rate
(lower concentration to higher)
13
Q
cell mediated transport
A
need carrier protein
14
Q
group translocation
A
molecules transported altered in the process
15
Q
endocytosis
A
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
16
Q
phagocytosis
A
engulfment of whole cells/ large solids
17
Q
Pinocytosis
A
vesicles of liquid are taken into cell
18
Q
Physical requirements for growth
A
- temperature
- gas
- ph
- osmotic pressure
19
Q
temperature requirements
A
most at 37 degrees celsius
minimum-optimum-maximum curve
20
Q
gas requirement
A
CO2 and O2
Not all need oxygen
21
Q
pH requirements
A
grow best in range 6-8
bacteria: 7-7.2
yeats/molds: 5-6
22
Q
Osmotic pressure requirements
A
prefer isotonic conditions
concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell
23
Q
what is binary fission
A
call division and reproduction
- with each round, cells double in number
24
Q
Process of binary fission
A
- cell elongates/DNA replication of bacterial chromosome
- invagination of cell membrane and cell wall at midpoint
- cross walk formation
- cells separate
25
generation time
amount of time required for one bacterial cell to divide into two cells
26
Bacterial growth phases
- lag
- log
- stationary
- death
27
Lag phase of growth
cells adapting and little to no cell division
28
Log phase of growth
Rapid cell division, nutrients available, cells most vulnerable
29
Stationary growth phase
decreasing nutrients, increasing toxic products, cell death rate= cell production rate
30
Death growth phase
Nutrients depleted, increase toxic products, cell death rate>cell production
31
3 measurements of bacterial growth
- turbidity
- direct microscopic count
- standard plate count
32
turbidity measurement
measure cloudiness using spectrometer
33
direct microscopic count
bacterial cells within specific area counted using specialized slide
34
standard plate count measurement
bacterial sample diluted over and over again
colony count multiplied by soliton factor
35
Define sterilization
destruction of all forms of microbial life
36
define disinfection
destruction of pathogenic microorganisms
37
static
inhibit
38
cidal
kill
39
what does contact rate of killing mean
the same percentage of of cells die per time interval of treatment
40
7 factors affecting control methods
- size of microbial population
- amount of time agent used
- concentration of agent
- greater temperatures
- Ph extremes
- special protection
- presence of organic matter
41
4 mechanisms of action
- disruption of cell wall
- disruption of plasma membrane
- denaturation of proteins
- damage to nucleic acids
42
Disruption of cell wall
fragile cell that can result in lysis
43
Disruption of plasma membrane
agent damages lipids/proteins in cell membrane
content leakage
44
denaturation of proteins
alcohols, acids, heat damage proteins and enzymes
45
damage to nucleic acids
inhibit replication/transcription/translation
46
7 physical methods of control
- heat
- pasteurization
- dedication
- filtration
- radiation
- osmotic pressure
- low temps
47
Heat method of control
- superior method
- inactivates proteins
48
Why is moist heat superior to dry heat
penetrates better, denatures proteins
49
Pasteurization method of control
mild heat destroys pathogens
50
dedication method of control
dehydration inhibits bacterial growth
51
filtration method of control
physical separation of microbe form liquid or gas using membrane filter
52
radiation method of control
damage to proteins and DNA
53
Osmotic pressure method of control
highly concentrated solutions dehydrate microbes
54
refrigeration method of control
decreases bacterial enzyme activity and can’t reproduce
55
spectrum of resistance from lowest to highest
lipid envelope, gram +, no envelope, fungi, gram -, protozoa, mycobacterium, endospores
56
Chemical methods of control
- antiseptics and disinfectants
- work by disruption of plasma membrane and denaturation of proteins
- microorganisms are not equally effected by anti microbial chemicals
57
do most anti microbial chemicals sterilize
No
58
define antiseptic
chemicals applied to the body that inhibit/destroy microorganisms
59
define disinfectant
chemicals use don non living objects to kill/destroy microorganisms
60
superior chemical methods (kill everything)
- chlorine
- hydrogen peroxide
- glutearaldehyde
- formaldehyde
- gaseous sterilants
61
what is the filter paper method
- evaluates efficacy of chemical agent
- zone of inhibition: clear area around paper disks with no bacterial growth
62
3 factors leading to decrease in infectious disease
- improved methods of sterilization
- discovery and use of vaccines
- development of anti microbial drugs and antibiotics
63
define anti microbial drug
synthetic product made in laboratory
64
define antibiotic
natural product made by 1 microbe that inhibits or kills another microbe
65
what is spectrum of activity
specific group of organisms that specific agent is effective against
66
6 mechanisms of action
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- disruption of nucleic acids
- disruption of plasma membrane
- inhibit folic acid synthesis
- inhibit fungal infections
67
Isoniazid and ethambutol
inhibit production and incorporation of mycolic acid into the cell wall of mycobacterium
68
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- inhibits peptidase enzyme necessary to cross link glycan chains in peptidoglycan
69
drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
- penecillins
- cephalosporins
- bacitracin
- vancomycin
70
inhibition of protein synthesis
drugs interact with prokaryotic ribosomes and stop translation of proteins
71
drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
- aminoglycosides
- tetracycline
- chloramphenicol
72
disruption of nucleic acids
drugs interfere with dna or rna
73
drugs that disrupt nucleic acids
- quinolones
- rifampin
74
disruption of plasma membrane
drugs have specificity based on differences in membrane lipids
75
drugs that disrupt plasma membrane
polymyxins
76
inhibit folic acid synthesis
inhibit enzymes necessary to make folic acid
77
drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis
- sulfanomides
- trimeothoprin
78
inhibition of fungal infections
eukaryotic
79
drugs that inhibit fungal infections
- polyenes
- Imidolzoles
- Grislofulvin
80
5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
- enzymes produced that inactivate drug
- membrane protein receptors altered and drug cannot enter cell
- membrane protein pumps drug out of cell
- mutations in cell target cite and drug cannot bind
- microbe develops an alternate pathway or enzyme
81
3 effects of drug resistance
toxicity
allergic reactions
suppression of normal flora
82
toxicity
drug can become toxic to people with prolonged use
83
allergic reactions
drug works as antigen
84
suppression of normal flora
drug can deplete normal flora and pathogens over take
85
kirby bauer test
- determine sensitivity of resistance
- antibiotic disks placed on agar plate
- the larger the sone of inhibition the better
- sensitive-resistant-intermediate
86
MIC Test
- determines minimum concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth
- serial dilutions of particular antibiotic are made
- 1st well that is clear=no growth
87
Define pathogen
organism capable of causing disease
88
define infection
invasion of pathogenic organisms in body
89
define invasiveness
pathogens ability to penetrate individuals tissue and establish itself
90
define infectious disease
altered state of health cause by pathogenic microorganisms
91
define sign
change in patient visible and measurable
92
define symptom
changes felt only by patient
93
define normal flora
microorganisms normally found on a given habitat on our body consistently
94
define transient microorganisms
organisms found on body only for brief periods of time
95
define mutualistic symbiont
host and microbes benefit
96
define commensal
microbes benefit
97
define opportunistic
microbes benefit, host is hurt
98
3 major interacting factors
- virulence of organism
- number of organisms
- status of persons immune system
99
6 virulence factors
- body site must be optimal for microbe
- adherence factors
- escape from bodies immune system
- direct invasion of host cell
- siderophores
- toxicity
100
Body site optimal for growth
growth requirements met
101
adherence factors
Components of cell wall
- fimbriae and capsules
102
escape from bodies immune system
anti-phagocytes structures: fimbriae and capsules impede phagocytosis
- genetic factors
103
direct invasion of host cell
pathogen invades and multiplies which kills cells
104
Siderophores
high affinity for iron may aid organism to remain in host
105
toxin production
exotoxins and endotoxins
106
exotoxins
- secreted proteins
- disease specific signs/symptoms
- antibody production
- can immunize against
- produce frequently due to plasmid/prophage
- produced mostly by gram +
107
endotoxins
- lipopolysaccharides
- same signs/symptoms
- released when organism is destroyed in host
- no ABs against
- can’t immunize against
- produced by gram - bacteria
108
define intoxication
directly ingest toxin
109
define infection
ingest pathogen which produces toxin
110
define pathology
study of disease
111
define etiology
cause of disease
112
define pathogenesis
development of disease
113
reservoirs
- continual source of pathogen
- human body, animals, water, soil, food
114
transmission routes
- how pathogen is spread
- contact, vehicle, animal
115
5 portals of entry
- respiratory tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- genitourinary tract
- skin and mucous membranes
- blood
116
4 phases of infectious disease development
- incubation
- prodormal
- illness
- convalescence
117
incubation period
time interval between infection and first signs/symptoms
118
prodromal period
short period of mild signs and symptoms
119
illness period
most acute, full blown disease, overt signs/symptoms
highest level of organisms
120
Convalescence period
recovery time, signs/symptoms subside
121
acute disease
disease develops rapidly for short duration.
122
chronic disease
disease develops slowly
milder but longer lasting symptoms
123
local disease
infection limited to one area of the body
124
systematic
infection spread throughout the body
125
primary
body’s defenses are overcome by pathogen
126
secondary
opportunistic bacteria causes infection after primary infection
127
inapparent
signs/symptoms non existent but infection still transmitted to others
128
define endemic
disease constantly present within geographic area
129
define epidemic
sharp increase in cases during specific period of time
130
define sporadic
disease occurs occasionally in random sporadic ways
131
define prevalence
percentage of population that contract disease at any given time
132
define incidence
percentage of population that contract disease during specific period of time
133
emerging infectious diseases
- diseases that are new or changing and increasing or expected to increase in future
- AIDS, E. coli, Streptococcus, Lymes, Anthrax
