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Human Physicology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what distinguishes osmolarity from tonicity?

A

-tonicity measures only the concentration of non-penetrating solutes through a semipermeable membrane
-osmolarity measures the total concentration of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes

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2
Q

how can a solution be hyperosmotic and hypotonic at the same time

A

If the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes is less in the solution than in a cell

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3
Q

what are the major functions of the excretory system other than removal of nitrogenous waste?

A

Removes excess water to maintain a suitable osmolarity within the tissues and cells
-Filtration, reabsoroption, and production of urine

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4
Q

what three forms of nitrogenous waste are produced by vertebrates and what forms are produced by humans?

A

Ammonia, urea, uric acid- vertbrate
urea and ammonia- in humans

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5
Q

difference between cortical and juxtomedullary nephrons in terms of structure and function

A

-cortical nephron contains a short loop of Henle which only extends into the outer region of the renal medulla whereas -juxtamedullary nephron contains a longer loop of Henle which extends deeper into the inner medulla.

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6
Q

four stages of urine production

A

-Filtration
-Reabsorption
-Secretion
-excretion

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7
Q

how is glomerular filtration rate controlled? list

A

a blood test that checks how well your kidneys are working
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) and Bowman’s space oncotic pressure
Basal lamina, capillary enothliem, bowmans capsule

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8
Q

how are sodium, water, small anions, and glucose reabsorbed

A

Sodium- reabsorbed by active transport
water- osmosis following solute reabsorption
anions- electrochemical gradient
-permable solutes- diffusion

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9
Q

how are organic anions secreted into he urine?

A

facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

how do ADH and the RAAS pathway regulate urine osmolarity?

A

ADH- promotes water reabsorptions
RAAS- promotes Na+ reabsorption

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11
Q

how does the urinary system help regulate blood pH

A
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12
Q

what is the function of saliva

A

Moistens food and tissues in the oral space, facilitates chewing and ingestion, aids digestion of starches, and normalizes water balance.

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13
Q

what enzymes are in salivia and what are their functions

A

water
mucus
anitmicrobial compounds
salivary amylase
lingual lipase

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14
Q

secretory cells of the stomach and thir major products

A
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15
Q

where do muscle undergo tonic contraction ins digestive system and why

A

smooth muscle sphinceters and anterior portion of the stomach which keeps bolus from moving backwards

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16
Q

what are slow wave potentials

A

A slow-wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract.

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17
Q

how do slow wave potentials help set up patterns of peristaltic contractions in the intestine

A
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18
Q

difference between peristaltic and segmental contractions

A

Peristalsis pushes the food downward in one direction while segmentation does not cause for net movement of food inside the GI tract.

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19
Q

main digestive secretion of the liver and what is its function

A

helps turn fats into energy that your body uses

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20
Q

two digestive secretions of the pancreas and where do they carry out their function

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats

21
Q

three phases of digestion and where is gastric secretion initiated and how?

A

Cephalic
gastric
intestinal

22
Q

what digestive enzyme is produced in the small intestine and what is its function

A

Maltase, which i responsible for breaking down maltose (malt sugar) into glucose (simple sugar)

23
Q

how is glucose absorbed in digestive

A

electrogenic in the small intestinal

24
Q

how is fructose absorbed

A

via glucose transporters (GLUT) in the intestine, mainly GLUT-2 and GLUT-5.

25
Q

how is single amino acids absorbed

A

cotransport with Na+

26
Q

how is small peptides absorbed

A

carried intact across the cell by transcytosis

27
Q

how is lipids absorbed

A
28
Q

what are the two forms of metabolism and which is dominaant in fed state

A

Anabolic - fed
catabolic- fasted

29
Q

what is BMR

A

basal metabolic rate
-lowest metabolic rate

30
Q

why is BMR difficult to measure

A
31
Q

what is tpyically measured instead of BMR (depends on animal)

A

RMR resting metabolic rate

32
Q

three examples of how indirect calorimetry can be performed

A
33
Q

difference between direct and indirect calorimetry?

A

direct- measuresa enrgy content of food in kilocalories
indirect- estimates metabolic rate as a measure of energy ( oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, ratio of CO2 to O2)

34
Q

five factors that can cause changes in metabolic rate of an individual animal and the effect those factor have

A
35
Q

how does the metablic rate scale with body size in most animals

A
36
Q

two major categories of energy outputs, what energy is used for

A
37
Q

three major pools of nutrients for energy

A

Free fatty acid
glucose
amino acid

38
Q

the process used to make ATP from each pool

A
39
Q

the process used to move energy from one pool to the others

A
40
Q

three phases of work

A

1.oxygen deficit
2.equilibrium
3. EPOC

41
Q

how does fuel and pathway selection change when running for progressibely more and more time

A

it decreases the longer and faster you run

42
Q

what is the effect of hypoxia/anoxia on th emetabolic rate of aquatic organisms

A
43
Q

how is hunger/staiety regulated?

A

ghrelin and leptin signals regulate our sensations of hunger and satiety by sending signals to different nuclei within the hypothalamus for food intake.

44
Q

what is the effect of leptin/ ghrelin on hunger

A

decreases your appetite, while ghrelin increases it.

45
Q

how do insulin and glucagon regulate metabolism

A

Insulin reduces the body’s blood sugar levels and provides cells with glucose for energy by helping cells absorb glucose.
Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes the body’s blood sugar levels to rise

46
Q

distinguish the effects of insulin on hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

A
47
Q

what is diabetes mellitus in two forms

A
48
Q

what is a glucose tolerance test and how is it used

A

to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

49
Q

what medication are commonly used to treat diabetes and what are the specific indication

A

Metformin insulin

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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