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Human Physicology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Three segments of the stomach

A

fundus
body
antrum

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

-everything the food touches
the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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3
Q

accessory glands

A

-food does not touch
salivary glands, liver and gall bladder, and the pancreas aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption

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4
Q

what does the salivary glands do

A

secrete saliva

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5
Q

what is in saliva

A

-water
-mucus
-antimicrobial compounds ( IgA, H2O2)
-salivary amylase
-lingual lipase

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6
Q

salivary amylase

A

encoded by the gene AMY1, is a major component of human saliva that initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

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7
Q

lingual lipase

A

enerates nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from dietary fats during oral processing by lipolysis

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8
Q

what does the stomach connect to?

A

the SI via the pylorus

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9
Q

how does the stomach carry out some chemical digestion

A

uses acid hydrolysis and pepsin.

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10
Q

what does the stomach limit

A

the amount of chyme entering the SI at a time

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11
Q

small intestine

A

site of additional digestion and absorption

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12
Q

duodenum

A

digestion, receiving inputs from liver/gall bladder through bile duct and pancreas via pancreatic duct

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13
Q

jejunum

A

larger and thicker, more mucosal tissue

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14
Q

ileum

A

most distal, majority of length of s,i

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15
Q

section of the small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

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16
Q

large instestin

A

Used for reabsorption of water and absorption of some water soluble materials

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17
Q

four sections of large intestine

A

ascending
transverse
descending
rectum

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18
Q

layers of Gi tract

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-serosa

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19
Q

mucosa

A

cells that secrete enymes and ions needed for digestion, mucus, hormones
enterocytes ( absorption)
innermost

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20
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

muscles that wave villi

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21
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue
is the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body.

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22
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels
-submucosal plexus

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23
Q

Serosa

A

connective tissue sheet
outermost
continuous with the peritoneum

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24
Q

digestion

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

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25
Q

absorption

A

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

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26
Q

motility

A

movement of material through the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction

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27
Q

secretion

A

movement of materail from cells into lumen or ECF

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28
Q

processes of digestive

A

mechanical breakdown
-chewing, mixing

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29
Q

process of digestion chemical

A

hydrolysis of covalent bonds in polymers
-acid hydrolysis
-enzyme mediated hydrolysis

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30
Q

processes of secretion

A

variety of compounds are released by cells that line the GI tract into the lumen

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31
Q

secretion process water

A

roughly 9L per day move through GI tract
only 2 L are imbibed, the rest are secreted into the lumen

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32
Q

secretion process digestive enzymes

A

slaivary glands, stomach, SI, pancreas
mainly secreated by proenzymes zymogens

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33
Q

secretion process mucus

A

forms mucus upon contact with water
physical barrier that protects the GI tract from pathogens and digestive juices

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34
Q

what is mucins secreated by

A

goblet cells

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35
Q

motility process

A

Smooth muscle contractions move materials around in the lumen of the alimentary canal
-single unit smooth muscule
-different region s exhibit one of two contraction patterns

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36
Q

where does tonic contraction occur

A

in smooth muscles sphincters and anterior portion of the stomach

37
Q

how long is tonic contractions substained

A

minutes or hours

38
Q

tonic contraction

A

keeps bolus from moving backwards

39
Q

how long does phasic contractions occur

A

few seconds at a time

40
Q

two patterns in phasic contaction

A

peristalsis- moves bolus forward
segmentation-mixes

41
Q

slow wave potentials

A

spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization

42
Q

where does slow wave potentials originate from

A

interstitial cells of cajal
modified smooth muscle celss

43
Q

where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin

A

mouth

44
Q

saliary secretion is under

A

autonomic control

45
Q

salivary secretion does what

A

softens and lubricates food
saliva also has an protective function

46
Q

chewing is

A

mastication

47
Q

intiation fo long vagal reflex

A

20% of total gastric secretion

48
Q

degluttion reflex

A

tongue pushes bolus against the soft palate
-muscle contraction raise the soft palate and move the larynx
-upper esophageal sphincter opens
-peristaltic contraction push bolus down to stomach
food moves downward into the esophagus, propelled by peristaltic waves and aided by gravity

49
Q

where does sensory nerve carry signal

A

medulla via glosspharyngeal nerce (CN9)

50
Q

when is breathing inbitited

A

as the bolus passes the closed airway

51
Q

when is breathing inhibited

A

as the bolus passes the closed airway

52
Q

three function of the stomach in gastric phase

A

storage
secretion
protection

53
Q

when does digestive activity in the stomach begin?

A

with the long vagal reflex of the cephalic phase

54
Q

what is the ned product of gastric phase

A

acid chyme

55
Q

acid chyme

A

ph-2
little to no complex carbohydrate
large fat droplets
most protein broken into shorter chains.
most nucleic acids broken down to short chain.

56
Q

pyloric sphincter parses acid chyme into

A

small manageable portions

57
Q

most digestion occurs in

A

small intestine

58
Q

what does bicarbonate do

A

neutralizes gastric acid (also comes from pancreas)

59
Q

goblet cells secrete

A

mucus for protection and lubrication

60
Q

cholecystoknin(cck) stimulates

A

the emptying of the gall bladder and pancreas

61
Q

enteropeptidase converts

A

zymogens from pancreas into active forms

62
Q

what do duodenum kick off

A

the process of intestinal phase, large amount of secretion

63
Q

bile salts coats what

A

lipids to make emullsion

64
Q

where does most absorption occur

A

in the small intestine via facillitated diffusion or active transport

65
Q

what are most substance broken down into

A

component monomers for absorption

66
Q

where are watar, ions, and several water soluble vitamins absorbed

A

large intestine

67
Q

where are many synthesize vitamins, short fatty acids, and complex carbohydrates absorbed

A

coloncytes

68
Q

main energy substrate of coloncytes

A

fatty acids

69
Q

colon has large population

A

symbiotic bacteria

70
Q

what regulates short reflexes

A

enteric nervous system

71
Q

isolated gut exhibts

A

secretion and motility

72
Q

submucosal plexus regulates

A

secretion in response to signals from lumen ( pressure chemical)

73
Q

myenteric plexus causes

A

slow wave potentials, mixing, and peristalsis

74
Q

long reflexes integrated by

A

CNS and endocrines

75
Q

CCK targets

A

gallbaldder, pancreas, and stomach

76
Q

CCK stimulates

A

fatty acid and some amino acids

77
Q

CCK effects

A

stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion
inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
promotes satiety some effect may be due to CCK as a neurotransmitter

78
Q

secretin target

A

pancreas, stomach

79
Q

secretin stimulates

A

acid in small intestine

80
Q

secretin effects

A

stimulates HCO-, secretion
-inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

81
Q

motlin targets

A

gastric and intestinal smooth muscles

82
Q

motlin stimulates

A

fasting periodic release, every 1.5-2 hours

83
Q

motlin effects

A

stimulates migrating motor complex
inhibited by eating a meal

84
Q

GIP targets

A

beta cells of pancreas

85
Q

GIP stimules

A

glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in small intestine

86
Q

GIP effects

A

stimulates insulin release, inhbits gastric emptying and acid secretion

87
Q

GLP-1 targets

A

endocrine pancreas

88
Q

GLP-1 stimulus

A

mixed meal that includes carbohydrates of fats in the lumen

89
Q

GLP-1 effects

A

stimulates insulin release
inhbits glucagon release and gastric function
promotes satiety

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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