quiz 3

Question 1

Photoreceptors

Answer 1

transduce light energy into electrical signal

Question 2

neural pathways

Answer 2

process electrical signals into visual images

Question 3

where does light enter the eye through

Answer 3

the pupil
-focused on the retina by the lens

Question 4

what are photoreceptors?

Answer 4

rods and cones

Question 5

rods

Answer 5

-function well in low light and are used in night vision; sotopic vision
-most basic type of photo receptor

Question 6

cones

Answer 6

responsible for high-acuity vision and vision during the daytime
-alot like rods but has a tip, oil ball on them that can tell the wavelength of light, color vision, high density, really food resolution
-photopic vision

Question 7

what does visual pigments convert light energy into?

Answer 7

change in membrane potential

Question 8

what does rods contain

Answer 8

rhodospin

Question 9

what does cones contain

Answer 9

three pigments
-colorblindness

Question 10

rhodospins

Answer 10

main photoreceptor that we have
-when it is attached keeps the rhodospin from being a enzyme
-make sure cell is activated when cell is turned on

Question 11

what changes the thickness of the lens

Answer 11

light

Question 12

what does the lens and the cornea filter out

Answer 12

UV light

Question 13

what are neuotransmitters released by

Answer 13

photoreceptors in the dark

Question 14

bleaching

Answer 14

popping retoinal off

Question 15

when are all the rods pretty much bleached

Answer 15

in bright conditions

Question 16

Enteric nervous system

Answer 16

• set of neurons divided into two major plexuses
  -poorly understood
  -function autonomously, but can be influenced by parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Question 17

submucossal plexus

Answer 17

secretion and absorp

Question 18

submucossal plexus

Answer 18

secretion and absorption
-in the layer closer to the lumen side

Question 19

myenteric plexus

Answer 19

smooth muscle tone and contraction
-sitting in the muscular layer of the GI system
-parasitosis

Question 20

parasympathetic branch

Answer 20

-preganglionic neruons
-parasympathetic ganglia near organs
-postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine

Question 21

preganglionic neurons

Answer 21

-in sacral region; brain stem- cranial nerve provides input to the heart and lung
-ganglia is very close to the actual affecter

Question 22

sympathetic branch

Answer 22

-preganglionic neurons
-sympathetic ganglia parallel to vertebra column (paravertebral)
-postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine

Question 23

preganglionic neurons

Answer 23

-located in thoracic and first 2 lumbar segments of the spinal cord
-secrete acetylcholine (communicate with each other)
-synapse with the post ganglionic neurons (nonreferent) in the sympathetic ganglia

Question 24

sympathetic

Answer 24

push self away from homestatis to push ourself to survive shut down systems that are not needed

Question 25

parasympathetic

Answer 25

brings us back to normal levels

Question 26

corticospinal

Answer 26

starts at the motor cortex and going anywhere in the body that is innervated by spinal nerve (neck down)

Question 27

cortical bulbar

Answer 27

going to the cortex to any part of the brain cranial nerve (mostly part of the face and neck)

Question 28

somatic motor system

Answer 28

controls voluntary movements under orders from the cerebral cortex -premotor and prefrontal -plan is sent to the primary motor cortex

Question 29

premotor

Answer 29

-start setting up that motor plan

Question 30

prefrontal

Answer 30

sets up the action of the motor pla

Question 31

primary motor cortex

Answer 31

creates that plan

Question 32

mapping

Answer 32

-not equal; how fine tune the control has to be - the more dextrals the larger that area has to be

Question 33

PNS- efferent division

Answer 33

-somatic motor neurons -autonomic neurons

Question 34

somatic motor neruons

Answer 34

control skeletal muscles (always) -mostly voluntary ( originate through spinal cord)

Question 35

autonomic neurons

Answer 35

-control smooth and cardiac muscles, many glands, lymphoid and some adipose tissue -mostly involuntary -sympathetic and parasympathetic branches -rare cases seen in lymphatic tissue and adipose in babies

Question 36

spinothalmic

Answer 36

temperature, pain, coarse to touch to cerebral cortex through thalamus; all other touch you receive in partital lobe from -skin to - somatic sensory cortex

Question 37

lateral

Answer 37

pain, temperature

Question 38

anterior

Answer 38

itch, pressure, ticke

Question 39

dorsal column

Answer 39

named for anatomical positions fine touch; limb position -from skin; joint to- somatic sensory cortex; cerebellum

Question 40

spinocerebellar

Answer 40

body sense infromation to cerebellum and parietal lobe posture -from joints and tendons -to cerebellum

Question 41

somatic sensory system

Answer 41

-dorsal column tract -spinothalamic tract -spinocerebrellar tract

Question 42

primary somatic sensory cortex

Answer 42

in parietal lobe -conscious sensation -receives infromation from ascending (up to the brain from the body) spinal cord pathways -body is mapped on cortex

Question 43

what is the size of map detemined by

Answer 43

sensitivity of body part

Question 44

somatic sensory association area

Answer 44

in parietal lobe -understanding of sensory information

Question 45

skeletal muscles

Answer 45

multi nuclei -does not go through cytokineses controlled by Somatic motor division of PNS

Question 46

what are skeletal muscle ususally attached to

Answer 46

bones by tendons; except the abdominal

Question 47

orgin

Answer 47

closed to the trunk or to more stationary bone

Question 48

insertion

Answer 48

more distal or more moblie attachment

Question 49

flexor

Answer 49

brings bones together, reduces angle of join

Question 50

extensor

Answer 50

moves bones away

Question 51

antagonistic muscle groups

Answer 51

flexor -extendor pairs opposite action on the same point

Question 52

cell membrane

Answer 52

sarcolemma

Question 53

cytoplasm

Answer 53

sarcoplasm

Question 54

modified endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 54

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 55

muscle cell

Answer 55

muscle fiber

Question 56

what is mucle

Answer 56

banded together; muscle segments

Question 57

muscle recuirtment

Answer 57

contract different muslce segments

Question 58

muscle recuirtment

Answer 58

contract different muscle segments

Question 59

cardiac muscles cells can come from adjacent cardiac cell through

Answer 59

gap juntion

Question 60

cardiac muscles cells can come from adjacent cardiac cell through

Answer 60

gap junction

Question 61

t-tubule

Answer 61

once the cell membrane speeds up; inside of the red tube is the outside of the cell membrane

Question 62

myosin

Answer 62

middle of the sarcomere; -motor proteins need atp bc they burn it and calcium

Question 63

actin

Answer 63

outside of the sarcomere

Question 64

what will myoin do

Answer 64

grab the actin and pulls it toward it ( middle)