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Human Physicology > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Photoreceptors

A

transduce light energy into electrical signal

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2
Q

neural pathways

A

process electrical signals into visual images

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3
Q

where does light enter the eye through

A

the pupil
-focused on the retina by the lens

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4
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

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5
Q

rods

A

-function well in low light and are used in night vision; sotopic vision
-most basic type of photo receptor

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6
Q

cones

A

responsible for high-acuity vision and vision during the daytime
-alot like rods but has a tip, oil ball on them that can tell the wavelength of light, color vision, high density, really food resolution
-photopic vision

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7
Q

what does visual pigments convert light energy into?

A

change in membrane potential

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8
Q

what does rods contain

A

rhodospin

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9
Q

what does cones contain

A

three pigments
-colorblindness

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10
Q

rhodospins

A

main photoreceptor that we have
-when it is attached keeps the rhodospin from being a enzyme
-make sure cell is activated when cell is turned on

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11
Q

what changes the thickness of the lens

A

light

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12
Q

what does the lens and the cornea filter out

A

UV light

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13
Q

what are neuotransmitters released by

A

photoreceptors in the dark

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14
Q

bleaching

A

popping retoinal off

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15
Q

when are all the rods pretty much bleached

A

in bright conditions

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16
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • set of neurons divided into two major plexuses
    -poorly understood
    -function autonomously, but can be influenced by parasympathetic and sympathetic response
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17
Q

submucossal plexus

A

secretion and absorp

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18
Q

submucossal plexus

A

secretion and absorption
-in the layer closer to the lumen side

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19
Q

myenteric plexus

A

smooth muscle tone and contraction
-sitting in the muscular layer of the GI system
-parasitosis

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20
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

-preganglionic neruons
-parasympathetic ganglia near organs
-postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine

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21
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

-in sacral region; brain stem- cranial nerve provides input to the heart and lung
-ganglia is very close to the actual affecter

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22
Q

sympathetic branch

A

-preganglionic neurons
-sympathetic ganglia parallel to vertebra column (paravertebral)
-postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine

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23
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

-located in thoracic and first 2 lumbar segments of the spinal cord
-secrete acetylcholine (communicate with each other)
-synapse with the post ganglionic neurons (nonreferent) in the sympathetic ganglia

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24
Q

sympathetic

A

push self away from homestatis to push ourself to survive shut down systems that are not needed

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25
Q

parasympathetic

A

brings us back to normal levels

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26
Q

corticospinal

A

starts at the motor cortex and going anywhere in the body that is innervated by spinal nerve (neck down)

27
Q

cortical bulbar

A

going to the cortex to any part of the brain cranial nerve (mostly part of the face and neck)

28
Q

somatic motor system

A

controls voluntary movements under orders from the cerebral cortex
-premotor and prefrontal
-plan is sent to the primary motor cortex

29
Q

premotor

A

-start setting up that motor plan

30
Q

prefrontal

A

sets up the action of the motor pla

31
Q

primary motor cortex

A

creates that plan

32
Q

mapping

A

-not equal; how fine tune the control has to be
- the more dextrals the larger that area has to be

33
Q

PNS- efferent division

A

-somatic motor neurons
-autonomic neurons

34
Q

somatic motor neruons

A

control skeletal muscles (always)
-mostly voluntary ( originate through spinal cord)

35
Q

autonomic neurons

A

-control smooth and cardiac muscles, many glands, lymphoid and some adipose tissue
-mostly involuntary
-sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
-rare cases seen in lymphatic tissue and adipose in babies

36
Q

spinothalmic

A

temperature, pain, coarse to touch to cerebral cortex through thalamus; all other touch you receive in partital lobe
from -skin
to - somatic sensory cortex

37
Q

lateral

A

pain, temperature

38
Q

anterior

A

itch, pressure, ticke

39
Q

dorsal column

A

named for anatomical positions
fine touch; limb position
-from skin; joint
to- somatic sensory cortex; cerebellum

40
Q

spinocerebellar

A

body sense infromation to cerebellum and parietal lobe
posture
-from joints and tendons
-to cerebellum

41
Q

somatic sensory system

A

-dorsal column tract
-spinothalamic tract
-spinocerebrellar tract

42
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe
-conscious sensation
-receives infromation from ascending (up to the brain from the body) spinal cord pathways
-body is mapped on cortex

43
Q

what is the size of map detemined by

A

sensitivity of body part

44
Q

somatic sensory association area

A

in parietal lobe
-understanding of sensory information

45
Q

skeletal muscles

A

multi nuclei
-does not go through cytokineses
controlled by Somatic motor division of PNS

46
Q

what are skeletal muscle ususally attached to

A

bones by tendons; except the abdominal

47
Q

orgin

A

closed to the trunk or to more stationary bone

48
Q

insertion

A

more distal or more moblie attachment

49
Q

flexor

A

brings bones together, reduces angle of join

50
Q

extensor

A

moves bones away

51
Q

antagonistic muscle groups

A

flexor -extendor pairs opposite action on the same point

52
Q

cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

53
Q

cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

54
Q

modified endoplasmic reticulum

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

56
Q

what is mucle

A

banded together; muscle segments

57
Q

muscle recuirtment

A

contract different muslce segments

58
Q

muscle recuirtment

A

contract different muscle segments

59
Q

cardiac muscles cells can come from adjacent cardiac cell through

A

gap juntion

60
Q

cardiac muscles cells can come from adjacent cardiac cell through

A

gap junction

61
Q

t-tubule

A

once the cell membrane speeds up; inside of the red tube is the outside of the cell membrane

62
Q

myosin

A

middle of the sarcomere;
-motor proteins need atp bc they burn it and calcium

63
Q

actin

A

outside of the sarcomere

64
Q

what will myoin do

A

grab the actin and pulls it toward it ( middle)

Human Physicology (10 decks)

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