Final Exam!! Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Watson & Crick
A
Showed DNA is a double helix
2
Q
Showed DNA is a double helix
A
Used xray to show structure of DNA is a helix
3
Q
Charles Darwin
A
father of evolution
4
Q
Alexander Fleming
A
father of antibiotics
5
Q
cell theory (3 parts)
A
- all organisms are made of one or more cells
- cells come from other cells
- a cell is the basic unit of life
6
Q
Metabolism
A
includes all chemical activities that take place in an organism
7
Q
Homeostasis
A
stable internal environment
7
Q
Inorganic compounds:
A
small, simple substances, No carbon/hydrogen bond
8
Q
The scientific method: (5 steps)
A
- Observations
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Conclusion
- Repeat
9
Q
Atom:
A
the smallest unit of an element that retains that element’s chemical properties
10
Q
subatomic particles:
A
neutrons, protons and electrons
10
Q
Organic compounds:
A
generally large, complex, Carbon/hydrogen bonds, Comes for living sources.
11
Q
Nucleus-
A
Protons(+) and neutrons
12
Q
Atomic number:
A
number of protons in the atomic
nucleus
13
Q
Shells around atom-
A
Electrons(-)
14
Q
Mass number/Atomic mass
A
number of protons plus
neutrons
15
Q
Covalent bonds
A
share electrons, strong bonds
16
Q
Ionic
A
atoms give or take electrons, form ions
17
Q
Hydrogen bonds
A
weakest bonds
18
Q
Polar
A
partial negative and partial positive charge, will dissolve
in water
19
Q
All living things are______ water
A
70-90%
20
Q
Water molecules are___
A
polar
21
Q
What is the universal solvent?
A
water
22
Q
Hydrophilic
A
water-loving
23
Hydrophobic
water-fearing
24
Carbs
sugars and starches
25
monosaccharides
One sugar unit
26
disaccharides
Two sugar units
27
polysaccharides
Many sugar units
28
Starches
energy storage in plants
29
Glycogen
energy storage in animals
30
Cellulose
structural polysaccharide in plants
31
Chitin
component of arthropods’ exoskeletons
32
4 parts of an Amino Acid
1. carbon bonded to single H
2. amino group (NH2)
3. acid group (COOH)
4. “R” ( “rest” of the molecule)
33
__amino acids, ____ codons
20, 64
34
Denaturation of a protein-
unfolding
(caused by heat, pH, or chemicals)
34
Nucleic acids-
transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures (DNA and RNA)
35
Nucleotides-
building blocks of nucleic acids
36
Polymers are made of 3 parts:
1. A five-carbon sugar, either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA)
2. One or more phosphate groups
3. A nitrogenous base
37
ATP-
energy currency for a cell
- Adenine
-Ribose sugar
-3 phosphate
38
Prokaryotic-
Bacteria and Archea
* DNA is located in a nucleoid
* No nucleus
* No membrane-enclosed internal organelles
39
Cell envelope of bacterial cells consist of:
-Inner plasma membrane
-Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-Outer membrane
40
Fimbriae –
attachment
41
Flagella –
allow movement
42
Nucleoid –
area that DNA is found
43
Capsule –
extra layer of protection
44
Storage granule –
stores excess nutrients
45
Plasmids –
extra DNA found in pathogenic bacteria
46
Cell wall –
structure, bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan.
47
Eukaryotic-
-animalia, plantae, fungi, protista.
-Nucleus contains DNA
-Membrane bound organelles
48
Plasma (cell) membrane –
allows things into and out of cells
49
Chloroplast –
site of photosynthesis
49
Nucleus –
holds DNA
50
Mitochondria –
powerhouse, site of cellular respiration
51
Ribosomes –
create proteins
52
Smooth ER –
helps with carb and lipid synthesis
53
Golgi –
processes, modifies, sorts protein
54
Lysosomes –
digested old cells or harmful cells
55
Vesicles
- pinch off to transport material to others parts of the cell.
56
Large central vacuole –
found in plants, stores water and
nutrients (largest organelle)
57
Food vacuoles-
fuse with lysosomes to digest food
58
Cytoskeleton
Adds extra support to the cell
58
Contractile vacuoles
remove excess water from the cell
59
Passive Transport-
Movement down the concentration gradient.
-No energy required
-Diffusion
60
Facilitated diffusion –
diffusion that requires protein carriers for molecules that are large
61
Active Transport -
Movement against the concentration
gradient (low to high)
62
Anabolism-
builds large molecules from smaller ones
62
Catabolism-
breaks large molecules into smaller molecules
63
Oxidation-
substance loses electrons
64
Reduction-
substance gains electron
65
Enzyme efficiency (3 factors that effect it)
* Optimal temperature
* Optimal pH
* Concentration of substrate
* All can affect enzyme activity either by increasing speed or
decreasing speed.
66
Steps of Cellular Respiration-
1) Glycolysis – glucose is split, happens outside of mitochondria, no
oxygen required
- Glucose – pyruvate - Acetyl CoA
- 4 ATP (2 to start)
2) Formation of Acetyl COA
3) Kreb’s Cycle – Acetyl CoA is broken down, happens in
mitochondria
-NADH, FADH and Co2 are
produced
- 2 ATP
4) Electron Transport Chain –happens in mitochondria
-Electrons are transported to
produce ATP
-34 ATP
67
Photosynthesis –
Light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in glucose
68
Wavelength:
distance from one wave peak to the next
69
Photons -
Light is composed of small particles, or packets, of energy.
70
Chloroplasts:
hold chlorophyll pigment and found inside mesophyll layer of leaves
71
Stomata:
microscopic pores of leaf where gas exchange occurs
72
Transpiration –
loss of water occurs here too
73
Stroma –
fluid inside the chloroplasts
74
* Chlorophyll b –
* Carotenoids -
* Anthocyanins –
* Tannins –
- yellow/green
- yellow and orange
- red pigment
-brown pigment
75
Light-dependent reactions –
-occurs in thylakoids
- H2O is split and molecular oxygen is released
- ATP and NADH are formed
76
Carbon fixation reactions –
- occurs in stroma
- Carbs in the form of glucose is produced
77
Mitosis-
an identical copy of the parent is created
-Produces diploid cells (somatic,
body cells)
78
Meiosis:
in organisms that reproduce sexually, sperm and
egg have reduced chromosome number and zygote has full set
-Produces haploid cells (gametes)
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