FINAL EXAM

Question 1

All the following are true regarding Hanin’s Individualized Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)

Answer 1

identifies emotional patterns
optimal performance can include positive and negative performance
positive performance enhancing
positive performance impairing
negative perofrmance enhancing
negative performance impairing

Question 2

Coach Johnson is a beginning coach who frequently hinders his players’ achieving a peak performance by:

Answer 2

inability to deal with crisis
unrealistic expectations
overcoaching and excessive interactions with team members
inability to make fair decision
inability to keep it simple

Question 3

According to Jones and colleagues, the framework of mental toughness contains which two (2) subcomponents?

Answer 3

belief and focus

Question 4

Which statement(s) is/are TRUE regarding the psychological construct of flow?

Answer 4

state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter
base of intrinsically motivated experience or self-rewarding activity
not directly associated with peak performance
psychological process underlying peak performance
enjoyment an intrinsically rewarding

Question 5

Sue is more likely to experience flow than Sally because she has:

Answer 5

9 dimensions
challenges of situation match skills of athlete
awareness and action merge
goals are clear
feedback indicate that we were correct
total concentration on the task
paradox of control, without actively attempting to be in control
loss of self-consciousness
time seems to speed up of slow down
experience is enjoyable - becomes the rewards

Question 6

what are characteristic necessary for success at the highest level in sport?

Answer 6

high self confidence
total commitment
strong performance focus
ability to cope with stress and distraction
good attention focus
rebound from mistakes
optimistic attitude
high personal standarts

Question 7

Which are psychological characteristics during peak experiences in sport?

Answer 7

loss of fear
no fear of failure
total immersion in activity
narrow focus of attention on present
feeling in complete control
time/space disorientation
feeling that performance was automatic and effortless
control over emotions and control

Question 8

Interviews with elite athletes have found that when they perform poorly it is often because they?

Answer 8

over or underarousal
worried about losing
losing focus when under pressure
depart from normal routine
do not adhere to mental preparation

Question 9

Elite compared to less elite athletes benefit more from switching these two imagery techniques:

Answer 9

external imagery technique

internal imagery technique

Question 10

Imagery involves which of the following senses?

Answer 10

auditory - sound
olfactory - smell
gustatory - taste
tactile - touch
kinesthetic - feel

Question 11

Bioinformational theory states that mental image is an organized set of characteristics stored in the brain’s long-term memory. The characteristics which activate the content of the image are:

Answer 11

stimulus characteristics: describe the content of the image for them
response characteristics: describe what their responses are to the stimuli in that situation.

Question 12

Stimulus and response propositions deal with which explanation for why imagery works?

Answer 12

bioinformational theory

Question 13

When we say that imagery is a “polysensory experience”, we mean that:

Answer 13

controllability
vividness: how clearly athletes can see an image and how detailed the image appears to them
it uses all relevant senses

Question 14

Sue realizes that she performs poorly on tests because she gets so anxious that she loses confidence. She wants to improve her test taking and for weeks before her next test she imagines sitting down to take the test while remaining calm, in control, and totally confident. The preceding is an example of:

Answer 14

Self-awareness

Question 15

A person who images playing a musical instrument from the perspective of being inside his own body has an:

Answer 15

Internal imagery perspective

Question 16

Basic imagery training involves training in:

Answer 16

vividness
controling
self-awareness

Question 17

An optimal time(s) to use imagery is:

Answer 17

daily (before during and after practice)

in different places and positions

Question 18

All of the below are techniques for identifying self-talk

Answer 18

retrospection
imagery
keeping a self-talk book

Question 19

We can use our self-talk to:

Answer 19

skill acquisition and performance
changing bad habits
attention control
creating mood and controlling effort 
changing mood and the effect of emotions
building self-efficacy and confidence
adoption and maintenance of exercise behavior

Question 20

All are examples of distorted thinking

Answer 20

perfection is essential
catastrophizing
worth depends on achievement
personalization
fallacy of fairness
blaming
polarized thinking and labeling
one trial generalizations
shoulds
emotional reasoning

Question 21

The ABC cognitive restructuring technique, based on the work of Albert Ellis, suggests that:

Answer 21

keeping a daily record in which athletes record not only their upsetting thoughts but also the resulting feelings and behavior and the negative events that triggered them.

Question 22

cognitive techniques for improving performance?

Answer 22

thought-stoppage
changing negative thoughts to positive thoughts
countering
reframing
ABC cognitive restructuring
affirmation statements
mastery and coping tapes
video technology

Question 23

ways to assess self-talk?

Answer 23

countering - internal dialogue, use of facts and reasons

reframing - creating alternative frames, identify irrational and distorted thinking

Question 24

Which of the following is believed to be a mechanism that produces negative self-talk?

Answer 24

inappropriate or misguided thinking usually leads to negative feelings and poor performance
thoughts directly affect feelings and ultimately actions

Question 25

Using a trigger word or image to stop negative self-statements is called

Answer 25

Thought stoppage: interrupting or stopping the undesirable thought.

Question 26

Self-efficacy is defined as an individual’s judgment about his/her

Answer 26

situational specific type of confidence referring to one´s expectation of suceeding at a specific task

Question 27

Guidelines for writing/achieving affirmation statements include all of the following

Answer 27

``` affirmation is believable and vivid should capture the desired feeling slogans self-esteem list success list avoid perfectionist statements ```

Question 28

what are the 4 irrational believes

Answer 28

1. I must at all times perform outstandingly well 2. others who are significant to me have to approve and love me 3. everyone has got to treat me kindly and fairly 4. the conditions of my life, must be arranged so that I get what I want when I want

Question 29

As arousal moves out of the moderate range, performers are more likely to

Answer 29

go to their dominant attentional focus style

Question 30

A quarterback needs to shift his attentional focus from surveying the field for receivers to delivery of a pass. This shift would be from

Answer 30

from broad external to narrow external attentional style

Question 31

According to the text, “choking” should be defined as

Answer 31

significant drop to performance atletes cannot regain control by themselves- outside assistant focused on pressure -> physiological arousal gets too high

Question 32

The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in

Answer 32

physiological and attentional changes | performance problems

Question 33

Which of the following strategies reduce the novelty effect on performance

Answer 33

dress rehearsal rehearsal of simulated competition experiences mental rehearsal

Question 34

Which of these is a strategy to stay centered?

Answer 34

strategy 2 - centering

Question 35

Which activity is best paired with the most effective attentional focus?

Answer 35

broad internal drills - perform important skill in low stress environment instruct to focus on every body sensation while attending to what they might be feeling or thinking. emphasize keeping a passive, open awareness

Question 36

We are most likely to use our preferred or dominant attentional style

Answer 36

when pressure increases -> beneficial of dominant attentional style matches demands of task and if individual is confident in abilities

Question 37

In the attention control reading, Nideffer describes the components of “choking” as:

Answer 37

performance decreases progressively and uncontrollably occurs when physiological arousal increase beyond desired level attention involuntarily narrows and becomes more internally focused

Question 38

Dress rehearsal is helpful for an athlete because it

Answer 38

is based on the concept that ease in competitive performance is unconsciously conditioned by the external and internal stimuli that surround athletes during practice the greater # of stimuli between practice and competition the more performance will decrease

Question 39

A skill that teaches performers to hold their attention on a predetermined task, and if their attention wanders, to gently bring their attention back is known as

Answer 39

focus training - similar to meditative practices

Question 40

Ben takes the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and gets a high score on the OET scale. This means

Answer 40

he has error because he focuses on irrelevant external stimuli

Question 41

An athlete frequently chokes. How could this be prevented?

Answer 41

eliminate physicl feeling associated with excessive tension ignore and reinterpret physical feeling incorporate detailed pre-performance routines

Question 42

You are ______ within a performance situation when your body weight is distributed about your center of mass in a way that feels comfortable

Answer 42

centered

Question 43

A power gender imbalance in coaching has occurred since Title IX was passed, where men have become dominant figures in female collegiate sport

Answer 43

because money is nowadays in female sports available - more male coaches enter

Question 44

possible consequence of being harassed?

Answer 44

``` Humiliation and degrading Undermines self-esteem, performance and careers Depression Not caring about appearance Blame self/ashamed for no reason Feels guilty Withdraws one’s self Suicidal ```

Question 45

components of sexual harassment

Answer 45

submitting or rejecting this conduct is used as the basis for making decisions which affect the individual such conduct has the purpose o effect of interfering with an individual´s performance such conduct creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment

Question 46

Sexual harassment and discrimination can only be subjectively defined.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Grooming is the process by which a perpetrator isolates and prepares an intended victim

Answer 47

``` True targeting the victim building trust and friendship developing isolation initiation of sexual abuse ```

Question 48

good policy for coaches and teachers?

Answer 48

use discretion when alone with an athlete don´t drive alone with an athlete don´t touch an athlete outside of necessary document behavior don´t say anything and listen to false accusations be aware of sexual harassment policies on campus guard against any action that has slightest appearance of harassment

Question 49

ABC cognitive restructuring technique

Answer 49

A - briefly describe the activating event in terms of what happened, what one saw and heard B - record the the exact content of whatever dysfunctional self-talk one thought or said out loud C - record the resulting emotional and behavioral consequences

Question 50

John is a very successful athlete and Dick rarely succeeds. John is more likely to:

Answer 50

have high self-confidence and few self-doubts, use imagery more often, and control anxiety better

Question 51

scales that measure psychological skills used by athletes

Answer 51

PSIS (psychological skills inventory for sport) TOPD (test of performance strategies) Ottawa mental skill assessment tool

Question 52

uses of imagery

Answer 52

``` Learning and practicing sport skills correcting mistakes learning and practicing performance strategies preparing a mental focus for competition automating pre performance routines building and enhancing mental skills aiding in the recovery from injuries ```

Question 53

The reasons why harassment occurs in sport include which of the following?

Answer 53

``` Close bonds hands on physical culture emotionally-laden space traveling with players and other coaches often little age difference generational issues overall skankiness of popular culture ```

Question 54

Sexual coercion often occurs across a spectrum that includes sex discrimination to sexual harassment to sexual abuse.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

Sexual harassment can be defined as institutional practices that undermine the confidence, performance, and advancement prospects of an individual based on gender or sexual orientation.

Answer 55

false - that is the definition for sexual discrimination

Question 56

definition of sexual harassment

Answer 56

any form of sexual behavior or suggestion in verbal, non verbal, or physical form; whether intentional or not; which is regarded by the person experiencing it as undesired or forced

Question 57

Many victims of harassment can feel self-blame, shame, and/or guilt.

Answer 57

true

Question 58

examples of sexual harassment

Answer 58

Peer harassment sexual advances touching of a sexual nature graffiti of a sexual nature displaying or distributing sexual explicit drawings, pics, or written materials sexual gestures sexual or “dirty” jokes talking about one’s sexual activities in front of others spreading rumors about others’ sexual activity

Question 59

good policies for organizations

Answer 59

sexual harassment clause in employee book require workshops including role play resource person available discuss issues within department

Question 60

advise for athletes or students who have experienced unwanted advancements

Answer 60

``` tell someone keep records say NO be confident report incident ```

Question 61

One of the reasons that complaints of harassment go unheard is that a resource person from the organization does not address complaints in a timely and effective manner.

Answer 61

true

Question 62

policies for coaches that have been falsely accused

Answer 62

``` listen carefully try to have other present careful with physical contact apologize if touched a body part develop policies ```

Question 63

During the season a sport psychologist has the football players practice imagery after first watching a videotape in which they are performing the same skill as the one they intend to image. The coaches can’t believe how quickly the players improved their performance and consistency. What is the best explanation for the preceding?

Answer 63

watching success allows our brain to be able to put pieces into an internal picture

Question 64

what are uses of imagery

Answer 64

``` learning and practicing skills correcting mistakes learning and practicing performance strategies preparing mental focus automatic pre performance routine building and enhancing mental stress aiding in recovery from injuries ```

Question 65

A performer’s imagery abilities can be strengthened through a basic training imagery program that uses exercises to develop each of the following except for:

Answer 65

vividness controllability self-awareness

Question 66

An athlete tries to image shooting free throws under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of lack of:

Answer 66

controllability

Question 67

Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image are going to score high on what aspect of imagery?

Answer 67

vividness

Question 68

When imagery helps athletes optimize arousal, attention, and confidence, it is hypothesized to have occurred through the:

Answer 68

Mental Readiness Explanation

Question 69

The probable reason that 37 runners broke the four-minute mile barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their:

Answer 69

expectations that it could be done