Final Exam

Question 0

Systematic desensitization

Answer 0

Used for phobia treatment

Question 1

What are the major features and aspects of mental Imagery? (Multisensory)

Answer 1

Touch
Taste
Smell 
Vision
Kinesthetic
Visceral

Question 2

Relaxation-anxiety control

Answer 2

Public speaking

Test anxiety

Question 3

Skill acquisition learning

Answer 3

Correction of mistakes

Question 4

Rehearsal

Answer 4

Memorization

Question 5

Cognitive strategy

Answer 5

Negative thought stopping

Confidence Enhancement

Question 6

Disease Treatment

Answer 6

Illness

Injury Recovery

Question 7

Performance enhancement

Answer 7

Mental practice

Training

Question 8

What are the major dimensions of imagery as it is used in sport?

Answer 8

Perspective
Modality
Vividness/Clarity
Control
Outcome

Question 9

Perspective

Answer 9

Internal: Imagine through own eyes
External: Imagine through someone watching you

Question 10

Modality

Answer 10

Single sense vs. combinations

Question 11

Vividness/Clarity

Answer 11

Very clear or not so clear

Question 12

Control

Answer 12

Independent of vividness

Question 13

Outcome

Answer 13

Successful vs. unsuccessful performance

Question 14

4 goals of VMBR

Answer 14

Performance enhancement
Error correction
General preparation for competition
Confidence enhancement

Question 15

Visu-Motor- Behavioral Rehearsal VMBR

Answer 15

Relaxation

Total sensory experience

Question 16

Why imagery may improve motor performance

Answer 16

Confidence enhancement

Question 17

Unresolved issues in imagery

Answer 17

What is the mechanism/How does it work
How can imagery be measured
What about differences in ability to controal images and create vivid images
How much is too much?
KOR

Question 18

Centering

Answer 18

Relax, take a deep breath and exhale
Displace any negative
Focus attention on important cue
Concetrate proper form
Use internal attention focusing strategy

Question 19

Psyching strategies to improve performance findings:

Answer 19

Not beneficial for speed or balancing
No evidence for physiological activation/arousal
Effects on strength mixed
Different psyching techniques
May interfere with skill acquisition for beginners

Question 20

Basic findings regarding goal setting strategies (Locke and Latham)

Answer 20

Specific goals work better than general
Difficult goals better than general
Short+Long term better than long alone
Feedback is necessary
Competition improves performance if it results in higher goals or commitment

Question 21

Lock and Latham goal setting studies

Answer 21

Performance improvements were similar across all conditions
Problem: Groups had different starting points
Goal setting in sports don’t differ much from industrial setting

Question 22

Attention Width

Answer 22

There’s also intermediate levels of attention focus

Question 23

Attentional Direction

Answer 23

External- Focus on environment outside the body

Internal- Focus on inside- Thoughts, feelings, sensation

Question 24

Attentional Categories

Answer 24

Broad external- QB Broad Internal Narrow external Narrow Internal- Free throw

Question 25

Errors due to attention

Answer 25

Over-inclusion | Under-inclusion

Question 26

Overinclusion

Answer 26

Beginners Taking in more information than athlete can process Taking in irrelevant information

Question 27

Underinclusion

Answer 27

Taking in too little information

Question 28

Reinforcement

Answer 28

Using rewards to increase likelihood of repeat behavior

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

Using punishment to decrease likelihood of repeat behaivor

Question 30

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 30

Adding reward- Trophy Money Praise

Question 31

Negative reinforcement

Answer 31

Taking away bag things as reward | No Laps at the end of practice

Question 32

Positive punishment

Answer 32

Adding difficulty/punishment Extra laps Yelling at athletes

Question 33

Negative punishment

Answer 33

Taking away reward already had | No playing time

Question 34

The Fear approach

Answer 34

Coaches as screamers | Punishment may result in fear of failure

Question 35

Fear of failure may lead to...

Answer 35

Decreased enjoyment of sport Increase in drop out Sub par performance Increased risk of injury

Question 36

What explanations have been given for fear approach?

Answer 36

Recruiting | Actually Care

Question 37

Reinforcement schedules?

Answer 37

Continuous- Used each time behavior occurs | Partial- Less frequent

Question 38

Continuous reinforcement is good for

Answer 38

Young or unskilled athletes

Question 39

Types of Partial reinforcement

Answer 39

Random schedule | Fixed schedule

Question 40

Two sub-types of eating disorders

Answer 40

Restrictive (anorexia) | Binge eating/purging (Bulimea)

Question 41

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 41

``` Constant appetite Distorted view of appearance Denial of symptoms Excessive physical activity Compulsive personality ```

Question 42

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 42

Distorted perception of appearance Obsession with food Able to maintain appearance while binging Begins as means of weight control

Question 43

How prevalent are ED's

Answer 43

2% of general population 3-19% of women 47% overlap between anorexia and bulimia Currently More women become bulimic first

Question 44

Exercise as a casual factor

Answer 44

Feeling of control Preoccupation with body image Low weight and sport performance Extreme role models for exercise

Question 45

Similar characteristics between athletes and eating disorder individuals

Answer 45

Self control Mentally tough Perfectionist Coachable/Complient

Question 46

Major characteristics of reverse body dysmorphia

Answer 46

Preoccupation with body size and musculature Distorted body image Dissatisfaction with personal appearance

Question 47

Cognitive

Answer 47

Objective information (from past experiance)

Question 48

Perception

Answer 48

Bodily feelings and sensations

Question 49

How is Perception of effort measured?

Answer 49

The Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale

Question 50

What are the major physiological variables linked to perceived exertion?

Answer 50

Heart Rate Ventilation Lactate Others

Question 51

Heart rate is directly correlated with RPE workload scale except....

Answer 51

In long exercises where heart rate stays the same yet workload is higher

Question 52

Long duration exercise

Answer 52

Heart rate does not indicate when exhaustion will occur

Question 53

Low intensity exercise

Answer 53

Heart rate overestimates exertion at low workloads

Question 54

Two primary cognitive strategies by runners?

Answer 54

Association | Dissociation

Question 55

Association

Answer 55

Directing attention to the sensations of effort and fatigue Used by elite marathoners Pays attention to body Perceived exertion

Question 56

Dissociation

Answer 56

Deliberately ignore or distract self from sensations of exertion

Question 57

Dissociative strategy treadmill findings

Answer 57

Tested in lab- Lung Gom Lab | 28% increase in endurance time

Question 58

Dissociation: Common Use

Answer 58

Music

Question 59

Overtraining

Answer 59

A systematically planned period of maximum training volume and intensity intended to result in optimum performance

Question 60

Staleness

Answer 60

A chronic drop in performance that is not alleviated short layoffs or reductions in training

Question 61

Overtraining (stimulus) Adaption(response)

Answer 61

Improved performance

Question 62

Overtraining (Stimulus) Staleness

Answer 62

Worsened performance

Question 63

Symptomsof staleness

Answer 63

Mood state changes

Question 64

How common is staleness? Greatest risk?

Answer 64

Rare but seen in all different age groups | 64% in elite male distance runners

Question 65

How is staleness treated?

Answer 65

Stop everything all together

Question 66

Major findings of staleness

Answer 66

Preliminary studies suggest that mood state monitoring can be used to prevent some athletes from developing staleness

Question 67

How can reinforcement be used as a source of feedback?

Answer 67

Knowledge of results | Knowledge of Performance