Final Exam - Assessment Flashcards by Yahnsen Wagner

What is heredity?

When parents pass on their genes to their offspring

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What would streptococcus look like under a microscope?

The two parts of the name give you a clue

Streptococcus cells would appear round, and their bacterial colony would live in a chain

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Is chicken pox a bacteria or a virus?

virus

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What are the four main parts of Natural Selection?

Overproduction - Each species produces many offspring that can survive and reproduce
Inherited variation - There are differences among organisms of the same species
Survival of the fittest - Individual organisms with certain traits (or adaptions) have a better chance of surviving
Successful Reproduction - These organisms reproduce, passing on the favorable traits

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Who discovered the vaccine for small pox?

Edward Jenner

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How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

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What are the differences between a monocot and a dicot?

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Where are genes found?

In your chromosomes

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What are alleles?

Letter combinations that represent our genetics

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What are the four parts of the blood and what are the characteristics of each?

Plasma - fluid part (50%)
Red blood cells (RBCs) - carry oxygen
White blood cells (WBCs) - infection fighters
Platelets - help clot the blood

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After being provided the definition, name the term:

The first person to classify organisms as animals or plants 2,300 years ago.

Aristotle

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What is the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance?

Co-dominance - When the two traits are both visible in the phenotype
Incomplete dominance - When the traits blend or mix together to form a new trait

Neither trait dominates over the other in co-dominance and incomplete dominance

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What is polygenic inheritance?

When more than one gene influences a trait

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Provide examples of human traits that fall under polygenic inheritance.

Eye color
Hair color
Skin color
Height
Weight

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What does it mean to be homozygous dominant?

You have two alleles that are the same, and they are both dominant (uppercase)

Ex.) HH, BB, PP, OO

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What does it mean to be homozygous recessive?

You have two alleles that are the same, and they are both recessive (lowercase)

Ex.) hh, bb, pp, oo

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What does heterozygous mean?

You have two alleles that are different for a particular trait

Ex.) Hh, Bb, Pp, Oo

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What are the male and female chromosomes?

Y chromosome - male
X chromosome - female

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What is a karyotype? What chromosome determines the sex of a baby? What does an extra chromosome on the 21st pair indicate?

A karyotype is a picture that allows scientists to study the chromosomes of an individual, sometimes even before birth
The chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby are the 23rd pair
An extra chromosome on the 21st pair indicates that the child has down syndrome

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Which blood type is the universal receiver?

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Who is the Father of Genetics?

Gregor Mendel

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Provide the definition of the term:

pedigree

a tool used to help trace the occurrence of traits in a family

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Fill in the blanks of the pedigree key:

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What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Phenotype - The way that genes appear in real life (physical appearance)
Genotype - The letter combination that gives you certain traits, or the appearance of genetics in letters

Phenotype example:
blond hair, freckles, blue eyes

Genotype example:
Ab, XY, or BP

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# Answer the question with the best available option: In order for a male child to be produced, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm containing what chromosome? **A.** X **B.** XX **C.** Y **D.** XY

C. Y ## Footnote An egg already contains an X chromosome, so all it needs is a Y chromosome, not an XY chromosome

What is the hidden allele called?

Recessive allele/trait

What are sex linked disorders?

Some genes are carried on the sex chromosomes, mainly on the X chromosome. If your X chromosome(s) is/are affected (or contains the "bad" gene), then you have a sex linked disorder.

Provide two examples of sex linked diseases.

1. Color-blindness 2. Hemophilia

How do you find probability on a Punnett Square?

You divide the number of squares representing the genotype or phenotype of interest by the total number of squares

# Provide the definition of the term: vestigial structures

Remnants of once-useful structures

Provide three examples of vestigial structures in humans.

1. appendix 2. tonsils 3. wisdom teeth

Provide an example of a vestigial structure in whales.

femur

# Provide the definition of the term: embryology

The science of comparing the similarities of organisms in the early stages of development

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

* **_Homologous structures_** - same bone structure but different jobs (arm of human + flipper of dolphin) * **_Analogous structures_** - same function but different bones (bird wing + butterfly wing)

What two factors provide the basis for genetic variation within a population?

1. Sexual reproduction (variation in genes) 2. Genetic mutations

# Provide the definition of the term: inherited variation

differences in traits or characteristics among organisms of the same species

Who is the evolution guru?

Charles Darwin

What type of rock are most fossils found in?

Sedimentary

What is an adaptation and how does it help an organism?

An adaptation is a trait or characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment ## Footnote Ex.) webbed feet, camouflage, venom

# Provide the definition of the term: evolution

The gradual change in organisms over time (millions of years)

# Provide the definition of the term: selective breeding

A process by which humans intentionally breed organisms with desireable traits to produce offspring with those traits

# Provide the definition of the term: interbreeding

breeding with an organism that has a similar genetic make-up ## Footnote If the gray wolf (a subspecies of wolf) came into contact with the North American gray wolf (another subspecies) and successfully reproduced, then they would interbreed and produce hybrid offspring

# Provide the definition of the term: speciation

the development of a new species

# Provide the definition of the term: mutation

a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

What is the most specific group in the classification system?

species

What is a scientific name and what are the rules about writing one?

* A scientific name is the formal system of giving species of organisms a name composed of two parts. * There are two major rules about scientific names. The genus name is always capitalized, while the species name is not. Additionally, when typed, the entire scientific name should be italicized, and if written, it should be underlined. ## Footnote Ex.) *Canis lupus*

Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus

What are the eight levels of classification in order from largest to smallest?

1. Domains 2. Kingdoms 3. Phyla 4. Classes 5. Orders 6. Families 7. Genera 8. Species ## Footnote **D**o **K**ids **P**refer **C**andy **O**ver **F**resh **G**reen **S**alad?

What are the three domains?

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

What are the four kingdoms of the domain Eukarya?

1. Protista 2. Fungi 3. Plantae 4. Animalia

What types of plants are nonvascular?

* Mosses * Liverworts * Hornworts ## Footnote (no roots, stems, or leaves)

What is the composition of a virus particle?

The center of a virus has nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and the virus particle is surrounded by a protein coat

What is a whip-like tail called?

flagellum

What do scientists believe all plants originated from?

green algae

What is the difference between plant fertilization and pollination?

* **_Pollination_** - Pollen is carried from anther to stigma * **_Fertilization_** - Sperm fuses with egg in ovule and creates a seed

# After being provided the characteristics, name the kingdom: * Odd organisms * Some make their own food, some hunt, and some absorb it * Single celled

protist

# Fill in the blanks: Some characteristics of fungi are: * They absorb food * They contain ________ (cell wall)

chitin

List some characteristics of the plant kingdom.

* Make their own food * Cellulose (cell wall)

# True or false? If false, correct the statement: Members of the animal kingdom hunt for their food.

True

# Answer the question with the best available option: What kingdom contains sense organs? **A.** Protista **B.** Fungi **C.** Plantae **D.** Animalia

D. Animalia

# Fill in the blank: Animals contain many _____________ systems.

specialized

What three environments do archaea like to live in?

1. **_Salty_** - Yellow Stone, Dead Sea 2. **_Heat_** - volcano, hot geyser 3. **_Methane_** - swamp, cow intestines

How do bacteria reproduce?

through the process of binary fission

What are the cell walls of fungus made of?

chitin ## Footnote pronounced kite-in

What are some examples of fossils?

* Petrified wood * Entire organisms preserved in ice, tar, or amber (resin) * Molds, casts, or stone imprints

# Provide the definition of the term: endospore

a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

* **_Heterotrophs_** - consumer (humans) * **_Autotrophs_** - producers (plants)

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

1. cocci - round 2. bactilli - rodlike 3. spirilla - spiral (cork screw)

What are four shapes of viruses?

1. Spherical 2. Cylinder or rod 3. Crystal or soccer ball 4. "Space ship"

Is strep throat caused by a bacteria or virus?

bacteria ## Footnote "Strep" throat is short for streptococcus, which is a name given to bacterial pathogens

# What do all of the listen have in common: * AIDS * measles * hepatitis

they are all viruses

Who made the first vaccine?

Edward Jenner

# Answer the question with the best available option: What is another name for a decomposer? **A.** producer **B.** gymnosperm **C.** angiosperm **D.** saprophyte

D. saprophyte

What are angiosperms?

Plants that make flowers and contain seeds in fruits

# Fill in the blanks: There are _________ and _______ angiosperms.

monocot, dicot

Give three examples of angiosperms.

1. tulip 2. orchid 3. apple tree

What are gymnosperms?

plants that make seeds in cones, and contain needles for leaves

# Answer the question with the best available option: What is the most common type of gymnosperm in this area? **A.** ginkgoe **B.** cycad **C.** conifer **D.** all of the above

C. conifer

What is the job of the vertebral column?

to protect the spinal cord

What are some ways you can prevent the spread of bacteria?

* wash hands with soap and hot water * disinfectants * antibiotics * antiseptics * pasteurization

What does Staph mean?

cluster

What does Strepto mean?

chain

What is nitrogen fixation?

when bacteria changes nitrogen into a useable form for plants

What are some everyday products that are made with the help of red and brown algae?

* pudding * ice cream * toothpaste * marshmallow ## Footnote Red and brown algae helps to hold these products together and give them the right consistency

# After being provided the definition, name the term: an aid used to identify organisms - based on a series of questions

dichotomous key

What is a fossil?

a preserved trace of once-living organisms

What are the products of photosynthesis?

C₆H₁₂O_{6 +}O₂

What are three examples of vascular, spore forming plants?

1. Ferns 2. Horsetails 3. Club moss

Where is pollen made?

in the anthers

What will the ripened ovary of a plant become?

a fruit

What is the most general division of a plant?

nonvascular v. vascular

# True or false? If false, correct the statement: Transpiration is when plants release water vapor, it is also their version of sweating (via the stomata).

True

What are the three main things that plants need to live?

1. oxygen 2. carbon dioxide 3. water

What layer of this leaf has been removed?

Upper epidermis

Palisade layer

Spongy layer

What are the functions of roots?

* supply plants with water and disolve nutrients * hold plants securely in soil * store surplus food

What are the functions of stems?

* support the plant body * transport material between roots and shoots * store materials like water

What is the main function of a leaf?

to make food through the process of photosynthesis

What do the guard cells do?

they open and close the stoma

Where does photosynthesis occur? ## Footnote be as specific as possible

in the grana of the chloroplasts, which are found in the palisade layer

Where does cellular respiration occur? ##Footnote be as specific as possible

in the cristae of the mitochondria

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O_{6 +}O_{2 --->}CO_{2 +}H₂O + ENERGY (ATP) ## Footnote Every time cellular respiration occurs, 38 units of ATP are created.

What do a fern and a daffodil have in common?

they are both vascular plants ## Footnote A fern is a seedless plant, while a daffodil, being a flowering plant, is an angiosperm, so it's a seed plant. This means that the only category they have in common is that they are both vascular.

What is phototropism?

when plants respond to light

What are ligaments?

connective tissues that connects bone to bone

Ankle, wrists, and vertebraes are all example of what joint?

gliding

How many bones are in an adult human?

206

# Answer the question with the best available option: What is the longest bone in the human body? **A.** patella **B.** femur **C.** fibia **D.** cranium

B. femur

Which joint moves in a rotating cup?

ball-and-socket

What is the hard, yellowish part of the bone that reduces friction?

Cartilage

# True or false? If false, correct the statement: The periosteum is a very thin membrane that covers/protects the bone.

True

The _________ area of the bone is very rigid and dense. It is where the two types of bone ________ are found.

compact, marrow

Why is the spongy area of the bone important?

It gives the bone extra strength by providing it with a bit of flexibility

What part of the blood helps to attract and carry oxygen?

red blood cells, with the aid of hemoglobin

What are the four chambers of the heart?

1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle

Where is the pulmonary vein in a heart diagram? What does this vein do?

The pulmonary vein is located on the left side of the heart. It returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, so to locate it, you should look for the vessel entering the left atrium.

# Fill in the blanks: In Mendelian punnett squares, there are ___________ letters that represent dominant alleles, and ___________ letters that represent recessive alleles.

uppercase, lowercase

# Create a mendelian punnett square, and list the genotypes + phenotypes: Homo recessive x Heterozygous ## Footnote brown - dominant (A) green - recessive (a)

* **_Genotype_** - half of the offspring will have Aa, while the other half will have aa * **_Phenotype_** - half of the offspring will have brown eyes, while the other half will have green

List two major rules in co-dominance.

1. All letters are capital 2. Both colors are visible in the phenotype

# Create a codominance square, and answer the question after: Heterozygous x Homo recessive What is the chance of having a brown cow? ## Footnote brown - dominant (B) white - recessive (W)

zero percent chance

# After being provided the rules, name what the punnett square type is: * All letters are capital * Mix or blend together to form a _new_ color

Incomplete dominance

# Create an incomplete dominance square, and answer the question after: Heterozygous x Homo dominant What percentage of offspring have pink? ## Footnote red - dominant (R) white - recessive (W)

50%

What are the rules for sex-linked disorder punnett squares?

* Use X and Y to represent the sex chromosomes * If a sex chromosome is damaged, you put a dot above the chromosome, like an exponent

# Create a sex-linked disorder square, and answer the question after: Mom is a carrier x Dad is unaffected What's the chance of males getting the disease?

50%

# True or false? If false, correct the statement: Men cannot carry sex-linked disorders.

True

# FIll in the blank: There are _______ alleles for blood type, also known as multiple alleles.

three

Fill in the chart with the correct information.

# Match the correct blood types with the descriptions: * Heterozygous A * Heterozygous B * Homozygous A * Homozygous B ## Footnote word bank: AA, BB, BO, AO

* AO * BO * AA * BB

# Create a blood type square, and answer the question after: Homozygous A x Heterozygous B Can you list the phenotypes and genotypes?

* **_Genotype_** - 50% AB, 50% AO * **_Phenotype_** - 50% AB, 50% A

The stamen is the basic name for the male reproductive part of a flower. What two parts can the stamen be broken down into?

1. The anther 2. The filament

What is the main job of the style?

To connect the stigma to the ovary of a flower

Pertaining to female plant structures, where are the eggs located?

Inside the ovules

**Directions: After being provided the role, name the plant part.** * Protects the flower during its bud stage * Supports the petals * Plays a role in attracting pollinators

sepal