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Science 7 - McQuaid > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Genetics

1
Q

what is the definition of genetics?

A

The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

Where and what year was Gregor Mendel born?

A

Austria, 1822

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3
Q

What is Gregor Mendel’s nickname?

A

“Father of Genetics”

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4
Q

What did Gregor Mendel study?

A

Pea Plants

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5
Q

What are the five reasons that Gregor Mendel studied pea plants?

A
  1. They could cross-pollinate
  2. They could self-pollinate
  3. They grew quickly
  4. They had many different observable characteristics
  5. They could grow true breeding plants
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6
Q

Explain what happened in Gregor Mendel’s experiment with pea plants.

This is short answer #1

A

Gregor noticed that tall pea plants always had tall offspring, and vice versa. He wondered what would happen if he combined tall with short. To his surprise, all of the offspring (F1) were tall. This is where he realized that some traits were dominant (Law of Dominance). He wondered what would happen if he combined the F1 generation (look tall but carry short gene) to create more offspring. The result was that in the F2 generation, there was always a 3:1 ratio between the dominant and recessive trait.

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7
Q

What was the ratio that Mendel noted was always there between the dominant and recessive trait?

A

A 3 to 1 ratio.

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8
Q

What is the definition of alleles?

A

A variation of a gene in letter form.

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9
Q

If you have two alleles that are the same for a particular trait you are what?

A

You are said to be homozygous (or pure)

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10
Q

If you have two alleles that are different for a particular trait you are what?

A

You are said to be heterozygous (or hybrid)

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11
Q

What is the definition of probability?

A

The chance of something happening.

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12
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype.

A

A phenotype is the way that genes appear in real life, or physical appearance like blue eyes and blond hair (qualitative). A genotype is the letter combination that gives you certain traits like BB, bb, and Bb

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13
Q

What are three rules of incomplete dominance?

A
  1. The traits blend or mix together to form a new trait (ex. blue and yellow = green).
  2. Neither trait dominates over the other.
  3. There are no lower case letters allowed.
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14
Q

What is one example of a plant that has incomplete dominance?

A

A Japanese four o’clock flower

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15
Q

What is the big difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance?

A

The two traits are both visible in the phenotype instead of the two traits mixing together in the phenotype.

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16
Q

What is the word that you would use to describe the color of an animal if both colors are visible?

A

Roan

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17
Q

What is the definition of multiple alleles?

A

More than two possible alleles can control a trait.

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18
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Multiple alleles

19
Q

How many alleles are there for human blood types?

A

3 (A, B, and O)

20
Q

What does AB represent?

A

Co-dominance

21
Q

If these are the phenotypes:
A, B, AB, O
Then list the possible genotypes.

A

AA, AO
BB, BO
AB
OO

22
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

OO

23
Q

What blood type is the universal receiver?

A

AB

24
Q

What is the definition of Polygenic inheritance?

A

When more than one gene influences a trait. (ex. eye color, hair color, and skin color)

25
Q

What are two examples of genetic disorders?

A

Sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis

26
Q

Some genetic disorders are due to the child being what?

A

Homozygous recessive

27
Q

What are the male and female’s 23rd chromosome called?

A

Male- X Y
Female- X X

28
Q

What is the probability that a child will be either a boy or a girl?

A

A 50% chance for both.

29
Q

What are two sex-linked disorders?

A

Color-blindness and hemophilia (improper blood clotting).

30
Q

Who invented the terms phenotype and genotype?

A

Wilhelm Johanssen

31
Q

True or false- The phenotype of the same animal can be different based on their geographical location.

A

True

32
Q

Can men be carriers of a sex-linked disorder?

A

No

33
Q

Are male’s or female’s more affected by sex-linked disorders?

A

Male’s because if their x gets affected then because they only have one x they will by default have the disorder.

34
Q

What is the definition of pedigree?

A

A tool used to help trace the occurrence of traits in a family.

35
Q

In a pedigree is a square is fully filled, not filled, or half-filled what are they?

A

Half full- They are carrying the gene for the disease but don’t have the disease.
Fully filled- They have the disease
Not filled- They are normal

36
Q

What is the definition of karyotype?

A

A picture that allows scientists to study the chromosomes of an individual, sometimes even before birth.

37
Q

What are the 2 karyotypes that scientists mainly look at?

A

21 and 23

38
Q

What disease can be caused by having an extra chromosome on your 21st pair?

A

Down syndrome

39
Q

Explain the difference between the features of the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.

A

The X chromosome is quite long while the Y chromosome is stubby. (ex. |l )
X Y

40
Q

A females karyotype would have what chromosomes on the 23rd pair?

A

X X

41
Q

Karyotypes contain 22 of what and one pair of what chromosomes?

A

22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

42
Q

What is the study of whole sets of chromosomes called?

A

karyology

43
Q

A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the______of a________cell.

A
  1. nucleus
  2. euykaryote
44
Q

If your 23rd chromosome is missing a X chromosome you can get_____syndrome

A

Turner

Science 7 - McQuaid (20 decks)

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