Final Exam Review Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Entente & Triple Entente
A
Agreement to defend but not attack with your ally. The friendly understanding between Great Britain, France, and Russia. They promised to defend each other.
2
Q
Alliance/Allies
A
an agreement between two or more countries to defend and attack with each other during war.
3
Q
Militarism
A
The glorification of armed strength.
4
Q
Sarvajevo
A
The capital of Austrian province of Bosnia. Where Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated.
5
Q
Triple Alliance
A
Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. They promised to attack an defend together.
6
Q
Franz Joseph
A
Franz Ferdinands uncle
7
Q
Franz Ferdinand
A
Heir to the throne of Austria Hungary.
8
Q
Ultimatum
A
A set of demands that if not met, would end negotiations and lead to war. Has consequences.
9
Q
Elan
A
to attack the enemy boldly in battle with spirit. A French belief.
10
Q
Black Hand
A
Group that assassinated Franz Ferdinand
11
Q
Gavirlo Princip
A
was part of the black and and was the one who assassinated Franz Ferdinand
12
Q
Central Powers
A
Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
13
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
A suprise attack on France through Beligium in order to take the capital city of France. It was planned to happen quickly in before fighting Russia after separately.
14
Q
Western Front
A
Germany and France fighting
15
Q
Trench Warfare
A
is a type of fighting where soldiers stay in long, narrow ditches (called trenches) dug into the ground to protect themselves from enemy attacks.
16
Q
Eastern Front
A
Germany and Russia fighting
17
Q
No-man’s-land
A
The space between the two sets of trenches.
18
Q
Total War
A
all aspects of the country are involved in the war
ex) rationing, many people were bing sent to fight
19
Q
propaganda
A
Is one-sided information that aims to convince people of a certain point of view.
20
Q
U-boat
A
The germans new invention, also known as the submarine.
21
Q
Abdicate
A
To give up the throne/power.
22
Q
Armistice
A
An agreement to stop fighting.
23
Q
Woodrow Wilson
A
The president of the United States at the time, wants to go to war against Germany.
24
Q
Lusitania
A
The British passenger ship that was sunk by the Germans, killing 1198 people. 139 Americans were part of it, the world thought it would bring America in the war.
25
Treaty of Breast Litovsk
Ended the war between Germany and Russia, land was given to Germany.
26
Reparations
Money payments to compensated for the enormous cost of the war.
27
Treaty of versailles
was a peace agreement signed in that mainly blamed Germany for the war, making them pay money (called reparations), give up land, and reduce their military. It was meant to keep peace, but it also caused anger in Germany and helped lead to World War II.
28
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s 14 goals for just and lasting world peace.
29
League of Nations
International organization whose members would work to achieve ever lasting peace. Will also be defended.
30
William II
Wants war and to expand his power.
31
Lunendorff Offensive
The German plan to attack the Allies trench line at one particular point, piercing that trench line, and flying through to capture Paris. This would then make France surrender.
32
Alsace-Loarraine
is a piece of land between France and Germany that both countries have fought over. This caused tension between the two countries.
33
Balkans
is a region under Austria-Hungary made up of many countries like Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, and others. Serbia wanted it to make Yugoslavia, Russia wanted it to have access to Adriatic Sea, Japan wanted it for pipe lines. Where Franz Ferdinand assasination happens.
34
Slavic Nations
Russia.
Ukraine.
Belarus.
Poland.
Czech Republic.
Slovakia.
Slovenia.
Serbia.
35
What was the balance of power that existed in Europe pre-WWI, and how did the formation of Germany affect this balance of power?
Before World War I, Europe had a balance of power that helped keep peace between the major countries. Germany's rise upset the balance. Other countries, especially France and Britain, started to feel threatened.
36
Why was Austria-Hungary not a good example of "nation-state"?
They had many different nations in their country and couldn't control all of them due to all their differences.
37
What were the factors that caused WWI?
World War I happened because of military buildup, alliances, competition for colonies, and extreme pride in nations. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the excuse to start the war.
38
What was age "blank cheque" that Germany offered to Austria hungary at the start of WWI
they promised to give them any military weapons and men to help that fight at war
39
Why is World War 1 called a total war?
Everyone in society has to participate
40
What was the role of government during the war years?
Controlled what was being produced, how much is being produced, and propaganda
41
League of Nations. Who joined and who didn't join?
International organization whose members would work to achieve ever lasting peace. Will also be defended.
Joined: Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan
Didn't: USA, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary
42
What were the conditions of trench warfare?
was wet, cold, dirty, and scary. Soldiers lived in awful conditions, often surrounded by mud, rats, and danger every day.
43
When and why did the United States enter the war?
They joined the war when Britain showed them the Zimmerman telegram which was Germany asking Mexico to attack the U.S.A. In return, Germany would help Mexico get back land it lost from the U.S.A
This made many Americans angry.
44
Three ways treaty of versailles angered Germany
-Blamed Germany for the War (War Guilt Clause)
-Forced to Pay Huge Reparations
-Lost Land and Military Restrictions
45
Czar
the ruler of russia
46
autocrat/autocracy
a government in which the ruler has total power
47
mir
peasant communities where peasants owned the land but worked the land, and paid taxes to the government. This was Alexander II’s idea.
48
St. Petersburg
capital of russia
49
Nicholas II
became car after his father passed away and tried to keep change from happening. Last czar of russia.
50
Romanov
Russian royal family (last name). Family of Alexander I.
51
Siberia
is the bleak region of northeastern russia that lies in Asia. where russian major prisons are.
52
Alexander II
the new czar of russia after Alexander I made changes in russia governing style but very slowly. He was the narodnikis. he freed the surfs by making mirs.
53
Soviet
Was an elected workers council of bolsheviks. They were small major groups in Russia waiting for Lenin’s command and they were made of the working class.
54
Karl Marx
Was a German philosopher who argued that the working class should overthrow the government and share society’s wealth equally (communism).
55
Lenin
Leader of the bolsheviks. Wanted the revolution quickly.
56
Bolsheviks
Lenin and his followers who had the courage to have a revolution quickly.
57
Mensheviks
Lenin’s opponents who preferred to move more slowly.
58
Bloody Sunday
A revolution where 200,000 workers protested at the Winter Palace for better working conditions, and a Duma. It ended violently as the general of Nicholas ordered soldiers to shoot at the crowd, killing 1,000. However Nicholas II claimed he wasn’t home and that it was his generals fault.
59
Duma
Russian parliament
60
Rasputin
Was a Siberian peasant who claimed to have his own religion/cult and tried to convert others to his religion. He gained power as he became the family doctor of the royal family. He believed you had to sin ( commit adultery) in order to repent to be a better Christian.
61
Alexander Kerensky
A young lawyer born in the same town as Lenin who became prime minister of the provincial government
62
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Lenin’s small group of Bolsheviks who would govern Russia.
63
Communism
Everyone in society would be paid equally, all land property and shared, and the government owns everything.
64
White Army
Mercenaries hired by nobles to fight the red army.
65
Red Army
Bolsheviks
66
New Economic Policy
Gradual movement from capitalism to communism.
67
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The new name the Bolsheviks gave Russia.
68
Leon Trotsky
He was the organizer of the 1917 takeover, commander of the red army, and a capable leader of the Bolsheviks.
69
Jospeh Stalin
Worked as secretary for the bolsheviks and was responsible for hiring who would be in the politburo.
70
Command economy
All economic decisions were made by the government
71
Collective farms
Large farms worked by hundreds of families
72
Totalitarian
A country in which a dictator or a small group controls every part of the lives of its citizens.
73
Five year plan
Economic targets set for steel, food, coal, and many other products that must be reached in five years.
74
Alexei Romanov
The son of Nicholas II and Alexandra who was hemophilia.
75
What factors led to the Russian Revolution?
-Bloody Sunday
-Put his wife in charge to lead Russia while he was leading the army (she gave Rasputin a lot of power)
-Sent of teens to die in the war and people were tired of the war.
-Food shortages in the cities
76
What was the significance of Bloody Sunday?
was a turning point where the Russian people stopped trusting the czar, and it helped start the path to revolution.
77
What is the difference between social revolutionaries and the social democrats? What two groups where the two social democrats groups split into?
The social revolutionaries were the farmers who believed that they should overthrow the government and lead the revolution while the social democrats where the working was who believed that they should instead lead the revolution.
The social democrats slept into the bolsheviks and Mensheviks
78
Why did the Russian people resent/oppose the czars after 1900?
the Russian people resented the czars after 1900 due to many reasons such as poverty and hunger, unfair treatment, bad working conditions, the Bloody Sunday, poor leadership in WWI, and no change.
79
How did Stalin revolutionize the industry?
He revolutionized Russia using the five year plan, forcing unrealistic numbers to be produced, tiring the workers.
80
How did Stalin reorganize the agriculture?
He established collective farms, taking the small farms away from the farmers.
81
How was the Soviet Union under Stalin more like a totalitarian regime rather than a communist state?
Stalin had all power, there was no freedom, equality, there was propaganda and lies, and there where spies causing fear.
82
What was Holodomor? (Describe the famine in Ukraine). What caused this famine and what was the significance of it?
Stalin forced Ukrainian farmers to give up their land and crops to the government. The government took most of the food, leaving people with nothing to eat. People who tried to hide food were punished. It showed how Stalin would use terror and starvation to control people.
83
Facism
Nationalism in a tolitarian state led by a dictator.
84
Benito Mussolini
first fascist of Europe. Fascist of italy
85
Adolf hitler
fascist leader of Germany.
86
Mein Kampf
hitlers autobiography included how Germany should lead the world.
87
ss
hitlers protection squad also known as the blackshirts and they were loyal only to him.
88
Gestapo
the secret police in Nazi Germany, their job was to find and stop anyone who spoke out against Hitler or the Nazi government.
89
Appeasement
Giving in to prevent conflict
90
Rhineland
German territory along the rhine river between Germany and France. Demilitarized
91
Neville Chamberlain
Was the prime minister of the United Kingdom and was blamed for the policy of appeasement
92
lebensraum
translates to “living space” and its the nazi belief that germans need more living space.
93
kristallnacht
was a planned attack to see if the German citizens hated the jews, it led to public jewish shops being broken into and the killing of many jews.
94
Axis powers
Germany, Japan, Italy
95
Munich Conference
Negotiations between Britain, France, Italy, and Germany for the Sudetenland
96
Sudetenland
German land that became part of Czechoslovakia after WWI and hitler wanted it back
97
concentration camps
large work camps where jews, inferior races, and political enemies were sent to. They provided free labour.
98
Holocaust
he Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, believed some groups—especially Jewish people—were "less than" others. Because of this racist belief, they tried to wipe out the Jewish population in Europe.
99
anti-semitism
hostility/racism towards jews
100
Nuremberg laws
the list of anti-semitic laws that were designed to remove the jews from the country.
101
Manchuria
a region in china and its where the Japanese chose to invade, starting WWII in Asia.
102
Aryan
hitler and the nazis believed they were the master/superior race as they were "true" germans with blonde hair and blue eyes.
103
nazism
German fascist party
104
enabling act
when the reichstag voted and gave hitler absolute power for 4 years.
105
Blitzkrieg
Germans massive attack meaning "lightening war." It consisted of the quick attacks in order of German planes, tanks, and then soldiers.
106
Polish Corridor
strip of land that had been cut from Germany after WWI to give Poland access to the Baltic Sea. However, hitler wanted it back.
107
Winston Churchill
the new prime minister of Great Britain
108
Maginot line
underground defensive fortress that the French build along their border to defend themselves from Germany.
109
Dunkirk
the beach where many French and British soldiers were trapped on due to the attack of the German army.
110
vichy regime
French nazis that governed the southern parts of France, to which they answered to hitler.
111
R.A.F
British Royal Air Force
112
The Battle of Britain
was when Hitler tried to take Britain by bombing their airforces and ships in order to get across the English Channel. However the British used radar and decoding machines in order to stop the German attacks, it was important because it stopped Hitler from invading Britain.
113
Radar
sent out radio waves that bounced off enemy aircraft. This helped the British see where German planes were. Because of radar, the British could get their fighter planes ready in time to stop German attacks
114
what ideas did fascist share?
-must be nationalistic
-anti jewish and communist
-believe in the supremacy of the leader and party
115
how were fascism and communism alike? how did the differ
alike:
both advocated doctoral one-party rule and its leader to rule
differ:
fascism believed in class systems, and capitalism while communism believed in a classless system and wealth is shared
116
how did Mussolini take control of the government? When did this happen?
he seized power through coup which took place October 1922, but was also given an enabling act for 1 or 2 years.
117
How did the Spanish war affect Germany and Italy?
the Spanish Civil War strengthened Germany and Italy, gave them military experience/practice, and helped build the Axis Powers.
118
Why was the League of Nations considered a failure?
Due to the two strongest countries in the League (Britain and France) are being weak as they downsized military in order to work on their economy. On top of that many strong countries such as USA and the Soviet Union didn't join the League.
119
What did hitler outline in Mein Kampf?
-germans were the master race
- germans should regain the land they lost in WWI
-should listen to the leader
-treaty of versailles was unfair
120
How did Hitler defy the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
-increased his military
-entered and militarized the Rhineland
-stopped paying war reparations
-took over Austria
-took Sudetenland
121
How did the Great Depression lead to a dictatorship in Europe?
the Great Depression made people angry, afraid, and willing to give up freedom for someone who promised quick solutions — which led to dictatorships in countries like Germany, Italy, and Spain.
122
What are some reasons why the citizens in Germany supported Anti-Semitism?
-Hitler and nazi propaganda.
-Citizens believed that jews were taking all the wealth of the country.
123
What are the Nuremberg Laws?
-took away citizenships from jews
-banned non-jew and jewish marriage
-separated jews from society
124
What was the significance of Kristallnacht?
it showed hitler that the German citizens were racist, allowing him to make more violent moves against the jews.
125
What was the significance of the Munich Conference?
-showed Hitler League of Nations would do nothing
-Hitler moves into Czechoslovakia and ask for more
126
How did Hitler control Germany prior to WWII?
We was a dictator prior to the enabling act being approved
127
When did WWII begin?
September 1, 1939
128
What caused France and Britain to declare war on Germany?
Germany demanded for and invaded Poland, and Britain and France stood up to stop Hitler, ending their policy of appeasement.
