Final Material Flashcards
Nutrition, Reproduction, Basic facts, management, (108 cards)
1
Q
Top Manure Spreading States
A
- ) Iowa
- ) Wisconsin
- ) Minnesota
2
Q
ASF
A
African Swine Disease
3
Q
Basic Swine Temperature
A
102.5 F
4
Q
Means of regulating temperature
A
- ) Light hair coat
2. ) Subcutaneous fat
5
Q
External “welting” of body
A
wallowing
6
Q
blank age group of piglets seek heat
blank age group of piglets still require all access to heat lamps
A
5-6 weeks of age
3 weeks at weaning
7
Q
what aspects of the anatomy of the pig allow for rooting up dirt
A
low center of gravity, strong shoulder, neck muscles
8
Q
national average pigs weaned
A
11.5 pigs weaned
11 pigs weaned live
9
Q
length of estrus
A
21 days
10
Q
polyestrus
A
year round breeders, a bit of seasonality in the summer (reduced in summer)
11
Q
gestation length
A
3 months + 3 weeks + 3 days
114-115 days
12
Q
self synchronizing
A
post weaning: 3-7 days, vast majority at 5 days #1
13
Q
how many times a day can a mature boar mate
A
2x/day, with decreased semen concentration at second mating.
14
Q
artificial insemination semen volume
A
80-100ml for breeding sows
15
Q
boar ejaculate
A
around 500ml
16
Q
turgid
A
uterus is filled with semen=fertile mating
17
Q
omnivores
A
eats vegetables + meat
18
Q
monogastrics
A
simple stomach, no enzymes to break cellulose
19
Q
cecum
A
some fiber digetation (microbes in cecum/colon) to break nutrients
20
Q
How much fiber do sows obtain from forages
A
up to 25% of DMI
21
Q
How much DDGs can you feed to grow finish pigs
A
up to 30%
22
Q
what is the top feed ingredient used for energy
A
corn
23
Q
what is the most common feed used for protein
A
soybean meal to make corn-soy
24
Q
common protein feeds
A
soybean meal
canola meal
linseed meal
sunflower meal (common in Europe)
25
What is the relationship with fiber and performance in grow finish pigs
increased fiber= decreased performance of grow finish pigs
26
name 10 essential amino acids
1. ) arginine
2. ) histidine
3. ) isoleucine
4. ) leucine
5. ) lysine
6. ) methionine
7. ) phenylanine
8. ) theorine
9. ) tryptophan
10. ) valine
27
What vitamins are supplemented for pigs
vitamin A, D, E and b complex + vitamin K
28
Mineral supplementation of Fe
for piglets who are born deficient, sows have the lowest concentration of Fe in mammals
iron dextran for piglets
29
Manure concerns
Lagoons and hurricanes
30
genetic selection for
litter size
31
countries with most pigs
1. ) China--> 456,733,400
2. ) USA--> 71,500,400
3. ) Brazil--> 39,950,300
32
Countries with highest pork production
1. ) China--> 54,129,762
2. ) USA--> 11,320,182
3. ) Germany
33
Meat consumption trends
beef has gone down
Pork has gone down
lamb is steady
chicken has gone up
34
Most consumed meat
pork, because of China's population
35
When did domestication begin
10-13,000 years ago
36
what was the first animal to be domesticated
dog
| 12-13,000 years ago
37
When were sheep/goats domesticated?
| When were swine domesticated?
sheep and goats--> 11,000
| Swine--> 11,500
38
Advantages of domestication
1. ) better nutrition
2. ) allowed for political development
3. ) frees up other resources
39
When were swine domesticated in China?
7,000 years ago
40
Taxonomy of swine
order: Artiodactylia "even toed"
suborder: Suina "large upper canine teeth"
family: Suidae "large upper, outward turning canine teeth
genus: Sus
species: Scrofa
sub species: Domesticus
41
Wild Ancestors: East Indian Pigs (SE Asia)
Sus Scrofa Vitatus
42
Wild Ancestors: European Wild Boar ( E. Europe)
Sus Scrofa Eurasia
43
When were the two ancestors crossed?
200-300 years ago
44
Peccary
SE USA
| Suina
45
African Warthog
Suidae
46
Babirusa
Cambodia
47
Characteristics of feral/wild hogs
longer noses, thick hair coat, darker hair coat color
48
Seedstock producer
produce breeding stock
| Primary product: breeding stock-gilts, boars, semen
49
Farrowing (gestation)
primary products: weaned pigs
50
Finishing (grow-finish)
products: market hogs
51
Farrow-finish
Primary products: market hogs
52
Ideal sow bcs
3.0-3.5
53
Ideal sow bf
.75-.85 inches
54
what happens if sows are too thin
1. ) milk production goes down
2. ) lighter weaning weights
3. ) reduced fertility
55
what happens if sows are too fat
1. ) reduced feed intake during lactation
- ketosis
2. ) reduced milk, reduced fertility
- increased pre weaning mortality
- increased dystocia
56
what does sow loose during lactation
lose around 1 from bcs
| or around .15 inces of last rb fat
57
Managers must do these when managing breeding sows
assess bcs @ weaning
| assess bc at 70-80 days and adjust feed
58
ensure each sow gets correct amount of feed because feeding
because if fed at libery sows will get too fat
59
feeding: stall systems
auger feeding=control feed intake, low maintenancy
60
feeding: group pens
electric sow feeder, free access stalls
61
TSI-Terminal Sire Index
weighted combination of BF, Days, Lbs, FE. Used to select sires for terminal pigs (pigs for market) Breed average is 100
62
SPI-Sow Productivity Index
Weighted economic index incorporating number born alive, number weaned, litter weight. Used when looking for boars to sire gilts as replacements. More likely to choose sows (dams) of replacement gilts
63
MLI-Maternal Line Index
weighted economic index that utilizes all EPDs (maternal+terminal) weighted--> 2/3 maternal 1/3 terminal
64
Process for picking breeding females
1. ) go through data
2. ) visual appraisal: look at gilts who are 150lbs, 5 months old before sexual maturity
3. ) mate: keep the 1st ones to concieve
65
Criteria list:
1. ) record
2. ) repro soundness
3. ) skeletal soundness
4. ) capacity
5. ) muscling
66
Underline soundness
```
# of nipples: 12 total
commercial: 16 ideal
uniformity and spacing
functionality
External genitalia: proper size and structure
```
67
Underline unsoundness
pin nipples
ununiform nipple spacing
none functional nipples
tipped vulva
68
Skeletal correctness
big bones
angles on front and rear hocks
uniform and spaced toes
69
Capacity
volume, depth, chest cavity and abdomen are deep
wide shoulders, deep chested
deeper capacity= more room to hold big litters
70
single gene traits
non-additive traits
71
additive inheritance
many of gene loci that affect the trait
72
inbreeding
increases homozygosity
73
Topigs Norsvin
2nd largest swine genetics coorperation in the world behind the USA company
74
Boar traits
fast growing, efficient, uniformity progeny, disease resistance, carcass
75
Boar taint
affects meat quality, palatability
76
sow traits
large litters, good litter weights, performance, post weaning, fertility, durable
77
piglet processing
ear notch: cheap, prominent
dock tails
castration
78
Ear notch- Right
Litter Number
79
Ear notch- Left
Individual Number
80
Why are tails docked
help prevent tail biting
81
Length of dock depends on what
history of tail biting in herd
minimal- tuff/end
mild: switch
severe: shorter dock
82
factors contributing to tail biting
inadequate water fountain spaces
feed space
ventalation
83
how can one fix the factors that contribute to tail biting
add toys
bedding
change genetics
84
Castration
reduces aggression
| reduce boar taint
85
when do market hogs reach maturity
6 months
86
adrostenone
metabolite of testostorone
smells like urine
in fat-muscle tissue
87
Skatole
```
smells like swine feces
metabolite of trp
bacteria of colon
stored in fat
increased amounts in boars because of liver skatole
```
88
ovary
female gonad
| produces: oocytes , hormones
89
oocytes
follicles (each follicle produces ONE ova)
| clear, fluid fill
90
estrogen
produced by follicles
91
progesterone
produced by corpus luteum (yellow solid mass)
92
oviduct
infundibulum
wraps around the ovary
when ovary ovulates, oviduct collects them
SITE OF FERTILIZATION
93
Uterine horns
bulk of uterus
carry pregnancy (fetus + placenta)
provides nutrients for fetus
94
endometrium
inner lining of uterus
95
Uterine body
site where 2 horns meet and join with cervix
96
cervix
provides barrier between outside world and uterus
| SITE OF SEMEN DEPOSITION IN NATURAL SERVICE
97
spiral arrangment
left hand cork screw shape of the cervix
| thread ai counter clockwise
98
Vagina
birth canal
| urinary bladder empties here also
99
vulva
external portion of tract
100
sow repro tract
```
2 ovaries
2 oviducts
2 uterine horns
uterine body (short)
cervix
vagina
vulva
```
101
non-productive days
any day a sow or gilt is not pregnant or lactating
102
objective with non-productive days
keep NPDs as low as possible
103
what is the cost of NPD
4-5$/NPD/animal
104
How to reduce NPDs
1.) good reproduction management program to reproduce NPDs. effective pregnancy detection program (and early)
105
Pregnancy Detection Methods
1. ) non-return to estrus
2. ) ultrasound (embryo, fetus)
3. ) endocrine test
106
Non return to estrus
average 21 days
daily estrus detection, ideally begin @ 2 weeks
post service until about 3.5 weeks post service
14-25 days: window of opportunity -use boar exposure
107
advantages of nonreturn to estrus
inexpensive
resonably accurate- 98%
rebreed if sow is in estrus
108
disadvantages of nonreturn to estrus
labor
time
false positives
