Final (Part 1)

Question 1

what do interactions depend on

Answer 1

biotic and abiotic factors, determine distribution, abundance, diversity and evoltion of organisms

Question 2

what are so adaptions for flight

Answer 2

no bladder, small gonads, no teeth, light skeleton

Question 3

what are dipnoi

Answer 3

functional lungs, gills, crawl in mud, called lungfishes

Question 4

theoretical maximum?

Answer 4

abundance of organism reaches theorectical maximum at optimal value acorss environmental gradient, actual abundace differs from potential because of biological interactions

Question 5

ctenophora?

Answer 5

type of marine jelly, diploblastic, radial symmerty, endothlial tissues and nervous system

Question 6

what are interspecific interactions

Answer 6

interactions that affect survival reproduction, evoltuion, etc. (competition, predation, mutatlism, commenasalism

Question 7

what is climate/ what determines it

Answer 7

long term weather conditions in a area, determinds by temp, precipitation, light, wind

Question 8

what is ecology

Answer 8

study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

Question 9

what is bilateria?

Answer 9

evolution of bilateral symmetry, same time and triploblasty

Question 10

commensalism

Answer 10

one indivudal benefit, other neutral (cattle egrets and buffalo, whales and barnacles)

Question 11

what are urochordates?

Answer 11

veterbrates ( may have evolved from paedomorphosis:Having some features of the ancestral juvenile stage, but being an adult), loss of 4 hox genes, called tunicate

Question 12

what is species richness

Answer 12

of species in biological community, latitudinal gradient

Question 13

what are reptiles

Answer 13

dry scales with keratin, ectothermic, improved locomotion

Question 14

What are invertebrates? what group do they form

Answer 14

no spine, 95% of species, form a paraphyletic group

Question 15

what are porifera?

Answer 15

sponges, diploblastic with radial symetry, sessile, no true tissues

Question 16

what do biomes differ in

Answer 16

average temp, seasonal variations, soil nutrients composistion, organisms

Question 17

ecological interactions can drive…

Answer 17

evolutionary change

Question 18

features of chordata?

Answer 18

have a notochord, muscles to attach to notochord, dorsal nerve chord (ectoderm), post anal tail, phargenal slits (filtration/ gas exchange)

Question 19

meromitic lake, thermocline, holomitic lakes

Answer 19

lakes that dont display water mixing
t- vertical gradients in temperature that prevent water from mixing
h- lakes with same temp and water throughout year, turnover mixes

Question 20

what are chondrichthyes

Answer 20

cartilagenous fish, placoid scales, homologus vertrebrae teeth (sharks, rays)

Question 21

what is resource partitioning?

Answer 21

differentiation of ecological niches, decrease competition and allow two species to coexsist

Question 22

features of primates

Answer 22

opposable thumb, large brain, short jaw, parental care, overlapping visual fields

Question 23

features of humans

Answer 23

bipedal, short digestive tract, 99% of genome identical to chimpanzee

Question 24

features of birds

Answer 24

birds are reptiles and bipedal dinosaurs, feathers are exaption

Question 25

what is competetion

Answer 25

2 individuals of different species compete for resource

Question 26

what are echinodermata?

Answer 26

bilateral symerty, deuterosome, ambulatory system, marine stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

Question 27

what does species distribution depend on

Answer 27

evolutionary history, biotic and abiotic factors,

Question 28

what makes acoela and platyhelminthes different from other bilateria?

Answer 28

lost their body cavity, dont have digestive tract

Question 29

trophic relationship?

Answer 29

Populations of intermediate trophic levels can be controlled by either: amount of food available in lower trophic levels (bottom-up control) presence of predators (top-down control)

Question 30

what are biomes

Answer 30

major ecosystem type, classified by vegetation and physical environment

Question 31

what are osteichthytes

Answer 31

calcium phosphate bones, swim bladder

Question 32

what is a generalist

Answer 32

species that thrive in wide variety of of conditions (racoon with varied diet)

Question 33

what are vertebrates

Answer 33

species with a skeletal system formed by veterbral column, mucle attatchment, duplication of hox genes

Question 34

life cycle of amphibian?

Answer 34

aquatic larval stage, metamorphosis, predator adult

Question 35

how do species respond to climate change

Answer 35

natural range is limited, range is shifted north, shrinkage of range, adaptation and expansion of range, barriers prevent colonization

Question 36

what are gnathostomes

Answer 36

verterbrates with jaws, have two gill arches (mandibular arch, hyoid arch), anterior gill slits, and duplication of hox genes

Question 37

ray finned vs lobed fin osteichthytes

Answer 37

ray- no skeleton in fins, rays project from basal bones (actinopterygii) lobed- internal fin skeleton, "walk" on substrate (actinistia)

Question 38

what are amniotes?

Answer 38

air insulation in embryo stage and ventilation

Question 39

what is dispersal

Answer 39

movement of indivudals away from area of origin or from centers of high population density, reliazed distrubtion is not always the same as the suitable range

Question 40

what species are considered to be Ecdysozoa?

Answer 40

protosome animals with exoskeleton, ecdysis, prescence of ganglions (bugs, worms, lobster)

Question 41

what is a specialist

Answer 41

species that thrives in narrow range of environmental conditions (koala with ecalpytus)

Question 42

example of adaption after drought

Answer 42

el nino, food was scarce, strong natural slection, birds with beaks for large shells were favored

Question 43

features of mammals

Answer 43

mammary glands, endothermy, differentiated teeth, hair and fat layer, kidneys

Question 44

different kinds of ecology

Answer 44

organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, global

Question 45

4 embryonic membranes?

Answer 45

chorion- outer membrane, gas exchange amnion- surrounds cavity (mech. protection) allantois- surrounds disposal sac (meta. waste) yolk sac- nutrients

Question 46

what adaptions in tetra pods lead to colonization

Answer 46

support against gravity, vascular system, breathing/hearing in air

Question 47

what species are considered to be lophotrochozoa

Answer 47

protosome animals with either lopophore ( ciliated tentacles around mouth) or trochophore (specific larval stage)

Question 48

how do chondrichthyes reproduce?

Answer 48

3 modes: oviparous (egg laying, external hatch) ovoviviparous (embryo feed from eggs yolk, internal hatch) viviparous (feed through placenta, birth)

Question 49

what is a keystone species

Answer 49

species that has a large influence on species richness of the community relative to its abundance

Question 50

what are tetra pods

Answer 50

four limbs with digits, new land niches

Question 51

what are cephalochordates?

Answer 51

feeding through filtration in pharynx, lateral movment for locomotion, called lancelets

Question 52

3 hypothesis for latitudinal gradient

Answer 52

1. more solar energy- longer growing season, higher productivity, more biodiversity 2. more stable climate- niche specialization, resource partitioning, more biodiversity 3. temperate vulnerable to glaciations- tropics stayed undistrubed, reduced extinction, more biodiversity

Question 53

cnidaria?

Answer 53

jellyfish, anemones, corals, diploblastic, radial symerty, hydrostatic skelton

Question 54

what are cyclostomes

Answer 54

vertebraes without jaws, circular mouth, called hagfishes or lampreys

Question 55

what is a competitive niche

Answer 55

all of the biotic and abiotic resources used by a species, realized niche is always smaller than fundamental niche because of competition