Midterm 2 (Part 2)

Question 1

fungi are not…

Answer 1

plants

Question 2

features of protists?

Answer 2

most unicellular, can be photo/auto/mixotrophs, asexual and sexual repro.

Question 3

key innovation of seed plant 1

Answer 3

reduced gametophyte protected from enviromental stresses, dessication, uv

Question 4

diplontic?

Answer 4

multicellular cell is in the diploid stage, formation of haploid gametes (animals)

Question 5

cuticle and stomata

Answer 5

c- protects against desiccation
s- pore that allows for gas exchange and water regulation

Question 6

golgi appartus?

Answer 6

protein modifications and trafficking

Question 7

3 kinds of life cycles?

Answer 7

diplontic, haplodiplontic, haplontic

Question 8

eukaryotes are a…

Answer 8

monophyletic group (common ancestor all descendants)

Question 9

perioxisome

Answer 9

enzymes to tranfer H to O2 and remove H2O2

Question 10

2 types of spore production

Answer 10

homosporus- bisexual gamete (seedless vascular)
heterosporus- male or female gametophyte (seed plants)

Question 11

what do photosynthetic eukaryotes have?

Answer 11

mitochondria and plastids (chloro,chromo,amylplasts

Question 12

ER?

Answer 12

rough- protein systhesis
smooth- lipid syn, metabolsim, steroids, carbs

Question 13

Features of eukaryotes?

Answer 13

plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol, organelles, inclusions), nucleus, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, flaggelum

Question 14

how does Marchantia polymorpha reproduce

Answer 14

cups have cell buds that propogate and form new indivual

Question 15

plant embryos do what?

Answer 15

retained in the maternal gametophyte tissues for protection and nutrition

Question 16

what are gymnosperms?

Answer 16

non flowering seed plants

Question 17

protists and malaria?

Answer 17

sickle cell causes advantage, inhibits parasite infection of the host, heterozygote advantage, higher frequency

Question 18

2 types of seed dispersal in flowers/fruit

Answer 18

amnemochory- wind
zoochory- animals

Question 19

haplontic?

Answer 19

multicellular cell is in the haploid stage, the diploid stage is a single cell (fungi protists)

Question 20

what are tracheophytes?

Answer 20

monophyletic group of vascular plants, dominated by sporophyte, gametophyte reduced in size

Question 21

what is pseudopodia?

Answer 21

cellular extension for moving an feeding

Question 22

Features of sexual reproduction

Answer 22

diploid produce haploid through meiosis, differ in size (anisogamy), fertilization

Question 23

what is the apical meristem

Answer 23

region of stem cell diviosn at the tip of roots and shoots, allow for indeterminate growth

Question 24

haplodiplontic

Answer 24

multicellular cell is in the diploid and haploid stages (plants)

Question 25

2 kinds of transport tissues?

Answer 25

xylem- water and minerals to leaves pholem- sugars, product of photosynthesis

Question 26

key innovation of seed plant 4

Answer 26

pollen grain means gametophyte can disperse far

Question 27

lysoosme

Answer 27

digestion

Question 28

features of flowers

Answer 28

modified leaves for reproduction, carpel produces female gamete, stamen produces male

Question 29

features of fruit

Answer 29

nature ovary of flower, seed dispersal

Question 30

what is fungi

Answer 30

heterotrophs and decomposers, repro. sex or asexually

Question 31

problems of living above water line

Answer 31

dry, gravity effect, no nutrients in atmosphere, temp changes

Question 32

what are spores protected by

Answer 32

sporopollenin, highly resistant polymer

Question 33

advantages of heterospory?

Answer 33

specific selection/functions, better nourish the embyro, mature at different time (no self fertil.)

Question 34

what is ligin

Answer 34

polymer in cell walls, impermeable to water and structural

Question 35

advantages of living above water line

Answer 35

sunlight, more co2, nutrients on shoreline

Question 36

how does spore dispersion occur

Answer 36

in the air

Question 37

what are choanoflagellates

Answer 37

singular posterior flagellum with chitin

Question 38

Diff in animal, plant, fungi cells

Answer 38

a- no cell wall chloroplasts p- vacuole, no flagella, plastids, cellulose f- no flagella, chitin, less compartementation

Question 39

features of gymnosperms

Answer 39

seed is exposes, can survive years, evolved to dryer climates, sperm cells not flagellated

Question 40

what are bryophytes

Answer 40

paraphyletic non-vascular plants, dont produce seeds or flowes (mosses, liverworts), absence of specialized tissues for water/ nutrients

Question 41

what is lichen

Answer 41

symbiosis between algae and fungi

Question 42

explain life cycle of bryophyte

Answer 42

dominated by gametophytes, attacth to substrate by rhizoids, spores make male or female, grow, sperm release fertilize female, grow produce more spores

Question 43

alteration of generations in plants?

Answer 43

haplodiplontic life cycle, multicell 2n (sphorophyte) and n (gametophyte) individuals

Question 44

what is double fertilization

Answer 44

one cell fert. egg (zygote), one sperm fuses w/ 2 nuclei to make endosperm to nourish zygote

Question 45

key innovation of seed plant 2

Answer 45

ovule contains megaspore, fertilization without water

Question 46

what is plamodium

Answer 46

parasote transmitted by mosquitoes that causes malaria

Question 47

dinoflagellates?

Answer 47

two flagella, can bloom (red tide)

Question 48

First plant fossil

Answer 48

Cooksonia, no leaves, roots, flowers, vascualr tissue with spores, gas exchange

Question 49

dis/advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 49

dis-look for partner, dilutes own genes, two-fold cost of sex (slower) ad-new gene combos, elim. of bad alleles, speed adaption in new environments

Question 50

the first eukarotic cells came from..

Answer 50

endosymbiosis

Question 51

what is a spermatophyte?

Answer 51

seed plant, embryo surrounded by nutrients and protective coat

Question 52

what are protists?

Answer 52

all eukarya except animal, plants, fungi, paraphyltic group

Question 53

what is vascularization

Answer 53

prescene of tissues to transport water, nutrients, sugars

Question 54

Maturation in fruit

Answer 54

ovary matures to fruit, ovules mature to seeds

Question 55

key innovation of seed plant 3

Answer 55

heterosporus, furtur dispersion and nourishing of embryo

Question 56

what are angiosperms

Answer 56

flowering plants with seeds, 90% of plants

Question 57

biolumienescense?

Answer 57

production of light, mechanical stress converts chem energy into light

Question 58

myxomycetes?

Answer 58

unicellular, 720 sexes, immortal, movement, produce spores, can learn

Question 59

key innovation of seed plant 5

Answer 59

seed increases survival during reproduction and embyro is protected

Question 60

features of plants?

Answer 60

eukaryotes, photoautotrophs, cellulose walls, sex or asex reproduction, chlorplasts with chlorophyll, beta-carotenes, xantophylls