Final (Part 2)

Question 1

what is a population

Answer 1

group of individuals of single species living in same area that interbreed

Question 2

what is effective population size

Answer 2

theoretical population size with the same level of heterozygosity of large population (if everyone could reproduce)

Question 3

exponential population growth equation

Answer 3

dN/dt=rN

Question 4

3 levels of biodiversity

Answer 4

genetic, species, ecosystem

Question 5

what are biodiversity hot spots

Answer 5

relatively small areas containing many endemic species (found nowhere else in the world) and a large number of endangered species, protecting these spots is priority for many conservationists

Question 6

final mark re-capture equation?

Answer 6

m/r=s/N

Question 7

what does mark re-capture assume

Answer 7

same likelyhood of being sampled, marked individuals mix completely, no one dies birth or leaves

Question 8

what is r-selection?

Answer 8

selection that favours traits at low densities, for a high reproductive success (mature rapidly, short lifespan, large number of offspring, high mortality rate)

Question 9

what is MVP

Answer 9

Minimum Viable Population size (smallest size at which a population is able to sustain its number and survive)
takes into account Ne, individual range, mortality rate, reproductive age

Question 10

logistic populations are typical of

Answer 10

microorganism cultures (bacteria)

Question 11

what is a life table

Answer 11

summarizes survival/reproduction of individuals in specific age groups, tracks a female cohort

Question 12

3 categories of ecosystem loss

Answer 12

3 status categories: collapsed, critically endangered and endangered

Question 13

what do we assume for exponential population growth

Answer 13

unlimited resources, colonize new environment, new species or rebound from catastrophic event

Question 14

logistic population growth equation

Answer 14

dN/dt=rN x (k-n)/k

Question 15

how does population density change

Answer 15

= births+immigration-deaths-emigration

Question 16

what is k-selection

Answer 16

selection that favours traits at high densities, at or near the carrying capacity K (mature more slowly, longer lifespan, have few offspring at a time, low mortality rate)

Question 17

genetic diversity

Answer 17

diversity within and between populations. A decrease in genetic diversity (extinction of a population) can prevent microevolution and limit the adaptive potential of a species

Question 18

What is the IUCN

Answer 18

International Union for Conservation of Nature- assesses the global conservation
status of species and maintains a Red List of Threatened Species, large fraction of most species is threatned

Question 19

what is a extinction vortex

Answer 19

Small populations are prone to extinction
because they are vulnerable to inbreeding and genetic drift, lower fitness- reduces the population size even further in an extinction vortex
(positive feedback loop)

Question 20

what is current high loss of biodiversity due to

Answer 20

high rate of extinction of all known extant species

Question 21

ecological diversity

Answer 21

variety of ecosystems. The altering of ecosystems
can cause species loss, loss of ecological functions, decline in distribution, disruption of biotic processes and species interactions.

Question 22

what type of curve does logistic population growth produce

Answer 22

a sigmoid (s-curve) curve, increase in population size is fastest at intermediate

Question 23

what is life history/ examples

Answer 23

all traits that affect organisms schedule of reproduction and survival (mass at birth, reproductive lifespan, age at death, freqeuncy of reproduction, etc)

Question 24

what are some threats to biodiversty

Answer 24

habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, acid precipitation, biomagnification (increase across trophic levels), global warming

Question 25

species diversity

Answer 25

variety of species within an ecosystem or across the biosphere. The loss of a species can be local (extirpation) or global (extinction)

Question 26

examples of conservation initiatives

Answer 26

Captive-breeding program to breed endangered species in zoos, organization with a focus on potato to enhance access to affordable nutritious food in developing countries with sustainable agriculture, national parks to maintain ecological processes and prescene of species

Question 27

exponential population growth

Answer 27

Growth of a population in ideal, unlimited environment, represented by J-shaped curve when population sizes is plotted overt time

Question 28

what are the two life history strategies

Answer 28

many small offspring or few large offspring

Question 29

population dynamics?

Answer 29

study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size

Question 30

survivorship curve

Answer 30

proportion of individuals in a cohort that are still alive at each age

Question 31

effective population size equation

Answer 31

Ne= (4 x Nf x Nm)/ (Nf+ Nm)

Question 32

what is carrying capacity K

Answer 32

maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

Question 33

what is population density

Answer 33

of individuals per unit area or volume

Question 34

What is the COSEWIC

Answer 34

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada- Assesses the conservation status of species found in Canada and makes recommendations to the federal government

Question 35

if N=K...

Answer 35

the population stops growing, stationary phase

Question 36

what is conservation biology

Answer 36

The integrated study of ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, molecular biology, and genetics to sustain biological diversity of all levels

Question 37

what is being done in habitat conservation

Answer 37

Corridors, connect patches help protect some of the biodiversity establishment of protected nature reserves (costa rica) no intervention policy in national parks

Question 38

3 types of survivorship curves?

Answer 38

Type I: low death rate of juveniles and adults followed by a rapid increase in old age groups (ex: mammals) Type II: constant death rate (that you can see on a log scale!), constant throughout the organism’s lifespan Type III: high mortality for the young followed by a flattening of the death rate in adults (many fish0

Question 39

what is the mark-recapture method?

Answer 39

sample s individuals (mark them) release s individuals sample individuals again (r) count the number of re-sampled marked individuals (m)

Question 40

what is demography

Answer 40

study of changes over time in the vital statistics in populations, especially birthrates and death rates

Question 41

what is a trade-off

Answer 41

trade-off between the number of offspring and the amount of resources invested in each offspring

Question 42

if population size (N) is small...

Answer 42

growth will be closer to r (exponential phase)