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BIO1130 > Midterm 2 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Part 1) Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Transduction of bacteria?

A

exchange dna thru bacteriophage, attactches to cell and inserts dna, cell replicates phages and spreads, intermidtae between donor and recipient cell

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2
Q

what are fimbriae and capsule?

A

f- short appendages to help bacteria adhere
c- polysaccharide surrounding cell wall, protects

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3
Q

Biozone?

A

intervals of geological strata

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4
Q

what is R plasmid?

A

resistance plasmid that contains antibiotic resistence genes plus genes for coding pillus

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5
Q

microbiome?

A

community of microorganisms that live on or in body

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6
Q

Stanley millers experiement?

A

mimiked early earth atmosphere, several organic compounds (amino acids, hydrocarbons) could be formed spontaneously (through abiogenesis) from abiotic molecules

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7
Q

What happened in cambrain explosion

A

posterior appendages for movement, anterior predation appendages, anterior sensing organs (NS), bilateral symmentry

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8
Q

Organisms can…

A

undergo rapid morphological changes

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9
Q

Domain of eukarya?

A

11 000 000 est, serial endosymbiosis, evolved from prokarotes in arkea, posses mitochondria, plastid, cell gained new metabolic system

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10
Q

role 2?

A

assimilating minerals into biomass on upper trophic level, can decompose and aborb nutrients from dead organic material (recycle C, H, N, O,P)

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11
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Around 530 million years ago, a wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene

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12
Q

Domain of archea?

A

est. 50 000 species, prokaryote but not bacteria, extremophiles, many are methanogens, source of DNA polymerase

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13
Q

What molecules are abundant in earth?

A

C, O, H, N make most molecules like carbs, proteins, fatty acids, nucleic acids

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14
Q

2 roles of prokaryotes in ecosystem?

A

absorbing energy, assimilating minerals

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15
Q

what makes a good biomarker?

A

lived for short time and have specific ecologicalo requirement are good fro dating of rocks

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16
Q

conjugation of bacteria?

A

bacteria from same species donate dna,
1. pillus draws reciver cell closer
2. mating bridge
3. plasmid transferred

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17
Q

What do we know about Foraminifera?

A

wide distribution, specific habitats, preserved by calcium carbonate shell

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18
Q

what can cause discontinuity in fossil record

A

erosion, tectonic plates, changes in climate, colonization, extinction, etc

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19
Q

Inorganic/organic compunds?

A

o- glucose, lipids
i- CO2, HCO3

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20
Q

what is a protocell?

A

precursor to modern living cells, droplet with membranes for selective permeability, werent living organisms

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21
Q

how do bacteria show resistance?

A

genetic variation from. mutations, trasnitted heretibility, only resistant selective strains grow

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22
Q

features of prokaryotes?

A

0.5-5 um, membrane, cytoplasm with only cytosol, no nucleus, no organelles

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23
Q

what is selfhish DNA

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A

dna that enhances its own transmission

24
Q

What is the burgess shale

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A

patenlogical site in BC, lots of fossils, benthic (on sediment), endobenthic(in sediment), nektonic(swimming)

25
role 1 of prokaryotes in ecosystem ?
absorbing energy, photoautotroph can convert CO2 to sugar, produce O2, fix atmospheric N2
26
what is LUCA
all living organisms synthesize L optical isomers of amino acids, genetic code, almost universal, LUCA was last universal common ancestor
27
Nutritonal requirements?
phototroph- photoautotroph (i) or photoheterotroph (o) chemotroph- chemoautotroph (i) lithotroph or chemoheterotroph (o) organotroph
28
how did we get from molecules to proto cells? (4)
1- abiotic synthesis of organic molec. 2-polymerization to macromolec. 3-packaged into protocell 4- transmission of self replicating molecules
29
symbiosis hypothesis
cells from diff species establish a mutually beneficial and long term association
30
Faunal succession?
specific vertical sequence of fossilized fauna/flora, identifed over wide horizontal distance
31
What is biostratigraphy
determination of relative age of sedimentary rocks
32
prokaryotes considered what
paraphyletic group, common ancestor and some desendnets
33
What is adaptive radiations?
a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, allowing to fill different ecological roles (Darwin Finches)
34
What came first DNA or RNA
RNA (ribozymes) function as enxymes/catalysts, can self replicate
35
phases of binary fission?
lag phase (sysnthesis of components), log phase (rapid growth), stationary phase (population stops growth), death phase ( loss due to lack of nutrients)
36
What does natural selection favor?
RNA molecules that self replicate faster, splitting to daughter vesicle is inheritence
37
what did LTEE show?
populations adapted and grew over time, new mutations, bacteria evolve rapidly
38
Why are virsuses not organisms?
No cell organization, metablosim, or growth
39
What 7 properties do all organisms share?
Cell organization, energy, reproduction, evolution, growth, homeostatsis, response to stimuli
40
commensalism?
symbiotic relationship where organism benefit, other is not help or harmed
41
Effects of bacteria
can cause infect. diseases, also help digestion, immunity, protection against infections, provide vitamins
42
What is a stromatolite?
layered rock from activites of photosynthetic prokarates that binds films of sediment
43
Example of mass extinctions?
permian, palogene extinction
44
colonial hypothesis?
colonies form through cooperation of unicellular orgainsms of same species, by fail to seperate
45
what is radiometric dating
determination of abosulte age, uses isotope compisition of orgainsms on way to fossils or magmatic rock
46
What is needed for formation of molecules?
precursor molecules, thermal energy, catalysts
47
transformation of bacteria?
release dna after cell death, taken back up by other cells, new strain carries plasmid
48
12 C isotope vs 14C isotope
12c- stable, keeps fossil constant 14c- unstable, decays fossil
49
how do prokaryotes reproduce?
asexually, binary fission
50
Gram - bacteria
more antibiotic resistant, have outer membrane then peptidoglycan layer, then inner membrane, e.coli
51
what do bacteria lack?
histones to package genome, sometimes in archea
52
what is F factor?
fertility factor, contains genes required to make pillus
53
Domain of bacteria?
est. 700 000 species, diverse metabolsim, photosynthic, ana/aerobe
54
key innovatins in fossil record?
porkarotes, increase in O2, endosymbiosis, sex reproduction, multicell, colonization
55
gram + bacteria
peptidoglycan layer then membrane, tetnus

BIO1130 (9 decks)

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