Final Prep Quiz Flashcards by Jessica Hayward

What percentage of ischemic heart disease is caused by atherosclerotic coronary artery disease?

a. 30%
b. 45%
c. 90%
d. 75%

c. 90%

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Which condition may be confused with an anginal attack?

a. Pericarditis
b. Aortic dissection
c. Pulmonary embolism
d. All the above

d. All the above

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Preload is:

a. the volume of blood in the ventricles just before systole
b. the volume of blood in the atria just before systole
c. the volume of blood in the left heart just before systole
d. the volume of blood in the right heart just before systole

a. the volume of blood in the ventricles just before systole

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External compression of the coronary arteries is caused by:

a. increased coronary perfusion pressure
b. myocardial contraction, systole
c. depolarization of the heart

b. myocardial contraction, systole

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Constrictive pericarditis:

a. increases cardiac output
b. usually develops over days
c. decreases diastolic filling of the ventricles
d. decreases afterload of the ventricles

d. decreases afterload of the ventricles

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Variant or Prinzmetal’s angina is caused by:

a. coronary artery spasm
b. complete occlusion of the coronary artery
c. congenital abnormalities
d. advancing age

a. coronary artery spasm

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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a condition of imbalance between:

a. myocardial oxygen supply and demand
b. myocardial oxygen demand and oxygen content
c. myocardial oxygen demand and endothelial dysfunction
d. myocardial oxygen supply and lung function

a. myocardial oxygen supply and demand

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Which plaque is most stable?

a. thick fibrous cap with small lipid core
b. thin fibrous cap with lipid rich core

a. thick fibrous cap with small lipid core

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Contractility is:
Choose all that apply.

a. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without increasing left ventricular workload
* b. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without increasing the heart rate
c. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without changing afterload
* d. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without changing preload

d. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without changing preload

c. the ability of the myocardium to change its force of contraction without changing afterload

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What degree of coronary artery stenosis occurs when blood flow is inadequate to meet basal requirements and ischemia occurs at rest?

a. > 30%
b. > 55%
c. > 90%
d. > 70%

c. > 90%

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Which of the following statements about Patent Ductus Arteriosus are TRUE?
Choose all that apply.

a. necessary to remain open in some congenital heart defects to survive
* b. ductus arteriosus should close at birth
* c. cyanotic lesion
* d. persistent shunt between the descending aorta and the superior left pulmonary vein
* e. ductus arteriosus can be kept patent after birth with prostaglandin

b. ductus arteriosus should close at birth

e. ductus arteriosus can be kept patent after birth with prostaglandin

a. necessary to remain open in some congenital heart defects to survive

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Given when ischemia persists despite -blockers and nitrates:

a. antiplatelets
b. nitro spray
c. diuretics
d. calcium channel blockers

d. calcium channel blockers

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Acute pericarditis is most often:

a. secondary to another process
b. known cause
c. idiopathic in nature

c. idiopathic in nature

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Which identify as Aortic A Dissection ?

If uncomplicated, medical management

Sudden severe pain in posterior chest

Early surgery improves outcomes

Proximal ascending aorta involved

⅓ of aortic dissections

Distal, does not involve ascending aorta or arch

⅔ of aortic dissections

Sudden severe pain in anterior chest

Aortic A Dissection and Aortic B Dissection

If uncomplicated, medical management = B
Sudden severe pain in posterior chest = B
Early surgery improves outcomes = A
Proximal ascending aorta involved = A
⅓ of aortic dissections = B
Distal, does not involve ascending aorta or arch = B
⅔ of aortic dissections = A
Sudden severe pain in anterior chest = A

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During the early stages of heart failure, in response to decreased cardiac output, the following natural compensatory mechanisms work to maintain sufficient blood pressure.
Choose all that apply.

Increased sympathetic tone
Renin-angiotensin system
Ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling
Decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Increased sympathetic tone
Renin-angiotensin system

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Varicose veins are due to:

a. coronary artery disease
b. dilated tortuous superficial vessels
c. total arterial occlusion
d. dilated tortuous deep veins

b. dilated tortuous superficial vessels

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Frank-Starlings relationship identifies:

a. in a normal ventricle, output increases in relation to the afterload
b. in a normal ventricle, output increases in relation to the preload
c. in a failing ventricle, output increases in relation to the afterload
d. in a normal ventricle, output increases in relation to the contractility

b. in a normal ventricle, output increases in relation to the preload

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Which of the following statements about Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis are TRUE?
choose all that apply.

a. strong association with bicuspid aortic valve
b. occurs in more females than males
c. blood flow is usually unobstructed by the lesion at birth
d. all cases require valve replacement

a. strong association with bicuspid aortic valve

c. blood flow is usually unobstructed by the lesion at birth

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B-blockers decrease sympathetic drive and therefore decrease:

a. 02 supply
b. venous return
c. coronary artery 02 flow
d. 02 demand

d. 02 demand

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Which of the following statements about Tetralogy of Fallot are TRUE?
Choose all that apply.

a. cyanosis and decreased pulmonary blood flow
b. four abnormalities arise
c. surgery delayed until adolescence
d. abnormal displacement of outflow tract portion of interventricular septum
e. heart transplant is usually required to treat Tetralogy of Fallot

a. cyanosis and decreased pulmonary blood flow
b. four abnormalities arise
d. abnormal displacement of outflow tract portion of interventricular septum

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Which statements describe “stable angina?”
Select one or more:

a. caused by fixed, obstructive atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries
b. causes necrosis of myocardial tissue
occurs when stenosis decreases the coronary lumen by greater than 70%
d. a pattern of chronic, predictable transient angina during exertion
e. is an acute coronary syndrome

a. caused by fixed, obstructive atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries

b. causes necrosis of myocardial tissue
occurs when stenosis decreases the coronary lumen by greater than 70%

d. a pattern of chronic, predictable transient angina during exertion

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Which statements describe angina?

a. always means a heart attack is imminent
b. is described as stable, unstable and variant
c. chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
d. accompanies all myocardial ischemia
e. a symptom of myocardial ischemia

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b. is described as stable, unstable and variant

c. chest pain due to myocardial ischemia

e. a symptom of myocardial ischemia

Coronary perfusion pressure is approximately the same as aortic diastolic pressure at
Select one:

a. 60-80 mm Hg
b. 20- 40 mm Hg
c. 40-60 mm Hg

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60-80 mm Hg

aortic pressure, coming out fast and furious

Afterload is:
select one:
* a. the resistance the right heart must overcome to empty its contents
* b. the resistance the ventricles must overcome to empty their contents
* c. the resistance the atria must overcome to empty their contents
* d. the resistance the left heart must overcome to empty its contents

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b. the resistance the ventricles must overcome to empty their contents

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to: Select one: a. vascular damage in the lungs b. atherosclerosis of arteries in the pelvis and the lower limbs c. atherosclerosis of the arteries of the heart d. vascular damage in the cerebral vessels

b. atherosclerosis of arteries in the pelvis and the lower limbs

Three common signs or symptoms of compression of adjacent structures due to pericardial effusion are: a. tachycardia, dysphagia, hoarseness b. tachycardia, dyspnea, hoarseness c. dysphagia, dyspnea, tachycardia d. dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness

d. dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness`

Which types of cardiomyopathies are caused by genetics? Select one: a. DCM (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) & HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) b. DCM (Dilated Cardiomyopathy) & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy c. HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy d. Any cardiomyopathy can be caused by genetics (including DCM, HCM, and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy)

d. Any cardiomyopathy can be caused by genetics (including DCM, HCM, and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy)

Which of the following statements about Coarctation of the Aorta are TRUE? Choose all that apply. Select one or more: a. murmur may be heard b. a narrowing of the aortic lumen c. decreases left ventricular pressure load d. blood flow is obstructed by the lesion e. lips will appear cyanotic

a. murmur may be heard b. a narrowing of the aortic lumen d. blood flow is obstructed by the lesion

Which of the following equations define blood pressure? Select one: a. BP = SV x HR b. BP = CO x HR O C. c. BP = HR x TPR d. BP = CO x TPR

d. BP = CO x TPR

Which of the following statements about Ventricular Septal Defects are TRUE? a. all cases require valve replacement b. strong association with bicuspid aortic valve c. blood flow is usually unobstructed by the lesion at birth d. occurs in more females than males

c. blood flow is usually unobstructed by the lesion at birth

Essential hypertension (EH) is: Select one: * a. more prevalent with increasing age * b. cause unknown * c. heredity appears to play an important role * d. A and B * e. B and C * f. all of the above

f. all of the above

Which of the following acyanotic congenital heart lesions cause volume overload? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. ASD b. Coarctation of the aorta c. Aortic stenosis d. Pulmonic stenosis e. AV canal defect f. VSD g. PDA

a. ASD e. AV canal defect f. VSD g. PDA

Which 3 conditions cause increased myocardial 02 demand (workload) for the myocardium? (Select exactly three choices) Select one or more: a. elevated lipid levels, dyslipidemia b. fatty streaks in the coronary arteries c. severe aortic stenosis d. extreme bradycardia (very slow heart rate) e. rapid tachycardia (rapid fast heart rates) f. profound acute hypertension

c. severe aortic stenosis e. rapid tachycardia (rapid fast heart rates) f. profound acute hypertension

Which of the following equations define cardiac output? Select one: a. CO = SV x BP b. CO = BP x HR c. CO = BP y TPR d. CO = SV × HR

d. CO = SV × HR

Which of the following are elements of Virchow's triad of predisposing factors for venous thrombosis? Choose all that apply. Select one or more: a. vascular damage b. static blood flow c. hypercoagulability claudication e. high lipid levels

a. vascular damage b. static blood flow c. hypercoagulability claudication

Which of the following conditions cause cyanosis? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Pulmonic stenosis b. Transposition of the great vessels c. Pulmonary atresia d. Tricuspid atresia e. VSD f. Coarctation of the aorta g. ASD h. Ebstein anomaly

b. Transposition of the great vessels c. Pulmonary atresia d. Tricuspid atresia h. Ebstein anomaly

The pericardium's function is to: Choose all that apply. Select one or more: a. Allow the heart to move freely in the mediastinum b. Fix the heart in the mediastinum and limit its motion c. Provide a minimal friction environment for the heart d. Allow the heart to move freely in the mediastinum AND to provide a minimal friction environment for the heart

b. Fix the heart in the mediastinum and limit its motion c. Provide a minimal friction environment for the heart

Which of the following statements about Transposition of the Great Arteries are TRUE? Choose all that apply. Select one or more: a. cyanosis and increased pulmonary blood flow b. without intervention is lethal c. separates pulmonary and systemic circulations d. undetectable at birth

a. cyanosis and increased pulmonary blood flow b. without intervention is lethal c. separates pulmonary and systemic circulations

One way that Nitrates help to relieve angina is by: Select one: * a. increasing coronary blood flow * b. altering contractility * c. decreasing lipid levels in the blood * c. altering heart rate

a. increasing coronary blood flow

What systems are responsible for blood pressure regulation? Select one * a. heart, blood vessels, kidneys, hormones * b. heart, liver, blood vessels * c. heart, kidneys, liver * d. heart, kidneys, hormones

a. heart, blood vessels, kidneys, hormones

An exercise stress test is considered positive when which of the 2 following occur: (Select exactly two choices; selecting more than two choices will result in a deduction of marks. Select one or more: a. syncope, fainting occurs b. shortness of breath with the exercise c. ECG abnormalities of ischemia are seen d. chest pain occurs

c. ECG abnormalities of ischemia are seen d. chest pain occurs

Decreased perfusion pressure sensed by the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, lead to sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation to the heart and peripheral circulation in order to improve blood pressure via: Select one: * a. increased ventricular contractility, decreased cardiac output, decreased blood pressure * b. decreased heart rate, decreased ventricular contractility, increased cardiac output * c. increased heart rate, decreased ventricular contractility, vasodilation of arteries and veins * d. increased heart rate, increased ventricular contractility, vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

d. increased heart rate, increased ventricular contractility, vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

Aortic aneurysms can be located in: Select one: * a. ascending, descending, and abdominal aorta * b. descending and abdominal aorta * c. ascending and descending aorta * d. ascending and abdominal aorta

a. ascending, descending, and abdominal aorta

Pericarditis following myocardial infarction is due to: Select one: a. early post acute Mi pericarditis b. Dressler's syndrome, weeks or months later c. due to uremia d. A and B e. B and C f. all of the above

d. A and B

Which of the following medications are useful in the treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease (IHD)? Select one: a. ß-blockers b. nitrates c. calcium channel blockers d. antiplatelet agents e. all of the options

e. all of the options

Raynaud's Phenomenon is caused by: Select one: a. arterial occlusion to toes when exposed to heat b. arterial spasm when fingers are exposed to cold c. vasodilation of vessels to fingers when exposed to heat d. decreased blood flow to the toes when exposed to cold

b. arterial spasm when fingers are exposed to cold

Out of the following tests listed below, which test is most often used to help diagnose deep vein thrombosis? Select one: a. D-dimer blood test b. echocardiogram c. X-ray d. 12 Lead ECG

a. D-dimer blood test

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) adds to increased intravascular volume by promoting: Select one: * a. Na+ retention * b. water excretion * c. systemic vasodilation * d. decreased renal perfusion

* a. Na+ retention

Which is a symptom of peripheral arterial disease? Select one: a. shortness of breath b. fatigue c. angina d. claudication

d. claudication

Two major consequences of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) are: Select one: * a. pulmonary embolism, postphlebitis syndrome * b. varicose veins, claudication * c. pulmonary embolism, varicose veins * d. postphlebitis syndrome, varicose veins

a. pulmonary embolism, postphlebitis syndrome

Which diagnostic test can show a smaller amount of fluid in pericardial effusion? Select one: * a. chest X-ray * b. echocardiography

b. echocardiography

Which 3 conditions cause decreased myocardial 02 supply to the myocardium? (Select exactly three choices) Select one or more: a. diabetes b. hypotension c. hypertension d. heart murmur e. hypovolemia f. hemorrhage

b. hypotension e. hypovolemia f. hemorrhage

BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) is: Select one: a. produced when the ventricular myocardium is subject to hemodynamic stress b. causes excretion of Na+ and water c. inhibition of renin secretion d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What signs are the Triad of Cardiac Tamponade? Select one: a. Hypotension, pericardial friction rub, and muffled heart sounds b. Jugular vein distention, hypotension, and muffled heart sounds * c. Jugular vein distention, hypotension, and pericardial friction rub

b. Jugular vein distention, hypotension, and muffled heart sounds

Final Prep Quiz Flashcards

(54 cards)