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Pathophysiology of the Heart Disease > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.

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2
Q

True or False: The heart has four chambers.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The two main types of blood circulation are _____ circulation and _____ circulation.

A

systemic; pulmonary

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4
Q

What is the role of arteries in the circulatory system?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues.

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5
Q

Which blood vessels are responsible for exchanging gases and nutrients with tissues?

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of blood? A) Red blood cells B) Plasma C) Lymph D) White blood cells

A

C) Lymph

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7
Q

What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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8
Q

True or False: The pulmonary circulation carries blood to and from the lungs.

A

True

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9
Q

Short Answer: What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

A

Aortic valve

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is the largest artery in the body.

A

aorta

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11
Q

What are the four main chambers of the heart?

A

The four main chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

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12
Q

True or False: The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the lungs.

A

False. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

A

tricuspid valve

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14
Q

Which structure prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles?

A

The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves) prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

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15
Q

What is the function of the septum in the heart?

A

The septum divides the left and right sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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16
Q

What are the three types of cardiac cells?

A

The three types of cardiac cells are pacemaker cells, contractile cells, and conductive cells.

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17
Q

True or False: Pacemaker cells are responsible for initiating the heartbeat.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary function of __________ cells is to contract and pump blood.

A

contractile

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19
Q

Which type of cardiac cell is primarily responsible for the conduction of electrical impulses?

A

Conductive cells

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cardiac cell type is known for its ability to generate action potentials spontaneously? A) Contractile cells B) Pacemaker cells C) Conductive cells

A

B) Pacemaker cells

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21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a cardiac myocyte?

A

-90 mV

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22
Q

True or False: The action potential in cardiac myocytes has a plateau phase.

A

True

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The rapid depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential is primarily due to the influx of __________ ions.

A

sodium

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24
Q

Which ion is responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

Calcium

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25
What is the primary function of pacemaker cells?
To generate and regulate the heartbeat by initiating action potentials.
26
True or False: Pacemaker cells are located in the atrioventricular node of the heart.
False; they are primarily located in the sinoatrial node.
27
Fill in the blank: The action potential of pacemaker cells is primarily driven by the influx of _____ ions.
sodium
28
Which phase of the action potential is characterized by rapid depolarization in pacemaker cells?
Phase 0
29
Multiple choice: What is the resting membrane potential of pacemaker cells compared to other cardiac cells? A) More negative B) Less negative C) Identical
B) Less negative
30
What are the normal heart sounds referred to as?
S1 and S2
31
True or False: S3 is considered an abnormal heart sound in all adults.
False
32
Fill in the blank: The sound S4 is often associated with ________ in adults.
hypertensive heart disease or decreased ventricular compliance
33
Which heart sound is typically associated with the closure of the atrioventricular valves?
S1
34
Which heart sound indicates the closure of the semilunar valves? A) S1 B) S2 C) S3 D) S4
B) S2
35
What is a systolic murmur?
A systolic murmur is an abnormal heart sound that occurs during the systole phase of the cardiac cycle, typically indicating turbulent blood flow.
36
True or False: Systolic murmurs can be classified as either benign or pathological.
True
37
Fill in the blank: Systolic murmurs are commonly associated with conditions like _______ and _______.
aortic stenosis mitral regurgitation
38
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of systolic murmurs? (A) Occurs during heart contraction (B) Can be heard with a stethoscope (C) Occurs during diastole
C
39
What are the two types of systolic murmurs?
Ejection murmurs and regurgitant murmurs.
40
What is a diastolic murmur?
A diastolic murmur is an abnormal heart sound that occurs during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, typically associated with valvular heart diseases.
41
True or False: Diastolic murmurs are always indicative of heart disease.
False. While they can indicate heart disease, some diastolic murmurs may be benign.
42
Fill in the blank: Diastolic murmurs are commonly associated with __________ and __________.
aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis.
43
Which type of diastolic murmur is characterized by a 'whooshing' sound and is best heard at the left sternal border?
Aortic regurgitation murmur.
44
What is the clinical significance of identifying a diastolic murmur?
Identifying a diastolic murmur is important for diagnosing underlying heart conditions and determining appropriate management.
45
What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
To measure the electrical activity of the heart.
46
True or False: A stress test evaluates how the heart performs under physical stress.
True
47
An echocardiogram uses _______ to create images of the heart.
ultrasound
48
What does a Holter monitor do?
It continuously records the heart's rhythms for 24-48 hours.
49
Multiple Choice: Which test uses radioactive material to assess blood flow to the heart?
Nuclear stress test
50
What is the primary finding of a cardiac catheterization?
To identify blockages or narrowing in the coronary arteries.
51
A coronary angiogram is a type of cardiac catheterization.
True
52
Which cardiac diagnostic test is primarily used to detect arrhythmias?
Electrophysiological study (EPS)
53
Fill in the blank: The primary purpose of a lipid panel is to measure levels of _______ in the blood.
cholesterol
54
What is the main purpose of a cardiac MRI?
To provide detailed images of the heart's structure and function.
55
Multiple Choice: Which of the following tests can assess the heart's pumping ability?
Echocardiogram
56
What does an exercise stress test monitor during physical activity?
Heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG changes.
57
True or False: Cardiac diagnostic tests can only be performed in hospitals.
False
58
What is the significance of troponin levels in cardiac diagnostics?
Elevated troponin levels indicate heart muscle damage.
59
A CT angiography provides _______ of the coronary arteries.
3D images
60
What is the primary purpose of a lipid panel in cardiac assessment?
To evaluate cholesterol levels and assess the risk of cardiovascular disease.
61
True or False: Elevated levels of troponin are indicative of myocardial injury.
True
62
The ________ test measures levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) to assess heart failure.
BNP
63
Which enzyme is commonly measured to diagnose acute myocardial infarction?
Troponin
64
What does a high level of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate in relation to cardiac health?
Increased inflammation, which can be associated with a higher risk of heart disease.
65
Multiple Choice: Which of the following tests is NOT typically used in the assessment of cardiac function? A) Lipid Panel B) Complete Blood Count C) Troponin D) BNP
B) Complete Blood Count
66
What does the presence of elevated creatine kinase (CK-MB) suggest?
Possible myocardial damage or infarction.
67
What is the significance of measuring homocysteine levels in cardiac patients?
High homocysteine levels can indicate an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
68
Name one common blood test used to evaluate the risk of thrombosis in cardiac patients.
D-dimer test
69
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls, leading to narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow.
70
True or False: Atherosclerosis can lead to heart attacks and strokes.
True
71
Atherosclerosis primarily affects the _____ system.
cardiovascular
72
What are the main components of atherosclerotic plaques?
Cholesterol, fat, cellular debris, and calcium.
73
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis? A) High blood pressure B) Smoking C) Regular exercise D) High cholesterol
C) Regular exercise
74
How does inflammation contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?
Inflammation can damage the endothelium and promote plaque formation.
75
True or False: Atherosclerosis can be reversed.
False
76
What role does LDL cholesterol play in atherosclerosis?
LDL cholesterol contributes to the formation of plaques in the arteries.
77
_____ is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis linked to obesity and diabetes.
Insulin resistance
78
What lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?
Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing stress.
79
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is a consequence of advanced atherosclerosis? A) Hypertension B) Peripheral artery disease C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
80
What is the first step in the development of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury or dysfunction.
81
True or False: High levels of HDL cholesterol are protective against atherosclerosis.
True
82
What imaging techniques are commonly used to diagnose atherosclerosis?
Ultrasound, CT angiography, and MRI.
83
_____ is a common medication used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce atherosclerosis risk.
Statins

Pathophysiology of the Heart Disease (9 decks)

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