Final Pt 2(section 8)

Question 1

Cognitive biases

Answer 1

Errors in memory or judgement that are caused by the inappropriate use of cognitive processes

Question 2

Cognitive inaccuracies - source monitoring

Answer 2

Don’t know where we heard stuff from

Question 3

Schematic processing- distortions based on expectations

Answer 3

Schemas improve memory but lead to biases

Lead to confirmation bias- tendency to verify and confirm existing memories rather than to challenge and discomfort them.

Question 4

Functional fixedness

Answer 4

Ppls schemas prevent them from using objects in new and non traditional ways

Question 5

Misinformation effects

Answer 5

How info that comes later can distort memories

Can lead to false memories

Question 6

False memories can lead to

Answer 6

Incorrect allegations of abuse

Question 7

Flashbulb memories

Answer 7

Vivid emotional memory of an unusual event that ppl believe they remember very well

Question 8

Counter factual thinking

Answer 8

If only thoughts

Question 9

Memory def

Answer 9

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 10

Memory errors come from

Answer 10

Memories aren’t recorded exactly. they are processed and interpreted leading to errors

Memories are constructed not recorded

Question 11

Memory concepts

Answer 11

Types/stages/ processes

Question 12

Memory types

Answer 12

Explicit and implicit memory

Question 13

Memory as stages

Answer 13

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 14

Memory as processes

Answer 14

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 15

explicit memory and 2 parts

Answer 15

A person consciously remembers that things

Semantic memory (object knowledge learned over many interactions) and episodic memory (memory for specific events we experienced)

Question 16

Semantic memory

Answer 16

Refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts

Like what we study

Question 17

Episodic memory

Answer 17

Remember episodes in ur life (I remember breaking into a cold sweat when I saw my midterm questions)

Question 18

Recall memory test

Answer 18

Measure of Explicit memory where we have to bring recall info previously remembered (short answer section of test)

Question 19

Recognition memory test

Answer 19

Involves determining if we’ve seen it somewhere before (multiple choice question)

Question 20

Relearning measure of explicit memory

Answer 20

Assess how much more quickly info is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned then forgotten

More sensitive bc it measures how fast not correct

Question 21

Implicit memory

Answer 21

Refers to information remembered unconsciously and without effort. Even tho it’s retrieved without intention, it can still affect behaviour

Question 22

Types of implicit memory

Answer 22

Procedural memory
Classical conditioning effects
Priming

Question 23

Procedural memory

Answer 23

Unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

U can’t explain how u ride a bike u just do it

Question 24

Classical conditioning

Answer 24

Associate neutral stimulus with another stimulus create a naturally occurring response

Question 25

Priming

Answer 25

Changes in behaviour based on things that happened frequently or recently Activation knowledge (prime kindness presenting ppl with words related to kindness) People primed with that concept may act more kindly

Question 26

Stages of memory

Answer 26

Sensory input -> sensory memory -> attention -> short term memory -> encoding -> long term memory

Question 27

Sensory memory

Answer 27

Brief storage of sensory information (memory buffer) Échoic- hearing Iconic- sight

Question 28

Eidetic memory

Answer 28

In some ppl iconic last longer (it’s aka photographic memory) Can be for all senses

Question 29

Short term memory

Answer 29

Temporarily holds and processes information 15-30 seconds 7+/- 2 items Most is forgotten if u don’t rehearse it

Question 30

Working memory

Answer 30

Processing info in short term memory Not a store of memory. It’s a set of memory procedures

Question 31

Central executive

Answer 31

Part of working memory Directs attention and processing

Question 32

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 32

Repeating information mentallyto ourselves with the goal of keeping it in memory

Question 33

Long term memory

Answer 33

Type of memory storage that allows for retention of information over extended periods of time

Question 34

Encoding -> storage -> retrieval

Question 35

Encoding

Answer 35

Placing thing into memory

Question 36

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 36

Forgetting curve and spacing effects

Question 37

Memory decay

Answer 37

Hartmann Ebbinghaus Memory decays rapidly at first then the amount of decay levels off Negative exponential function

Question 38

Spacing effects

Answer 38

Herman Ebbinghaus Refers to the fact that learning is better to be spread out over periods of time Better to do a bit at a time. Not cram

Question 39

Best way to study according to Ebbinghaus

Answer 39

Learn it wait till u forget it then study again. Wait till u forget it Study’s again repeat

Question 40

Over learning

Answer 40

If u think you’ve mastered something then u probably haven’t. And it can help to review it

Question 41

Retrieval

Answer 41

Reactivating info stored in memory

Question 42

Proactive interference

Answer 42

Forgetting new stuff Earlier learning impairs our ability to encode info we wanna learn later

Question 43

Retroactive learning

Answer 43

Learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve info learned earlier Forgetting old stuff

Question 44

How to reduce proactive interference effects

Answer 44

Add novelty by adding a mnemonic and emphasizing how things differ And Regearsal

Question 45

Biology of memory

Answer 45

Interaction of the old brain (salience) and new brain (where to store)

Question 46

3 old brain structures to remember

Answer 46

Hippocampus- librarian organizes explicit memories and sends to cortex Cerebellum- implicit memories Amygdala- emotions/ what’s most important to remember

Question 47

Hippocampus

Answer 47

Librarian (organizes explicit memories) Responsible for imagination, spatial awareness, memories

Question 48

Cerebellum

Answer 48

Involved in implicit memories Ppl with damage struggle with conditioning and priming tasks

Question 49

Amygdala

Answer 49

Involved in emotions with strong emotions, especially fear

Question 50

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 50

Can’t remember past stuff

Question 51

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 51

Can’t remember new stuff

Question 52

Potentiation

Answer 52

Increase in strength of nerve impulses along pathways which have been used previously, either short or long term

Question 53

Neuronal efficiency and long term potentiation

Answer 53

When we repeatedly call up a memory that involves repeated activation of the same synapses. Repeated firing encourages the neurons involved to become more efficient

Question 54

Neuronal efficiency and long term potentiation

Answer 54

More electrical activity within neurons that is creating the neuronal efficiency in memory pathways The neuron charges last a long time