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Psychology 120 > Session 5 > Flashcards

Session 5 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Neurons that link the central nervous system to our skin muscles and glands

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3
Q

What system is the nervous system connected to

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

Nervous system consists of

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do

A

Connects the nervous system to organs skin and limbs

Allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body

Carries away sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system

Regulate involuntary body functions

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6
Q

I’ll nervous system composed of

A

100 billion neurons

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7
Q

Neuron

A

A cell in the nervous system whose function to receive and transmit information

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8
Q

Neurons composed of

A

3 different parts

1- cell body/soma
2-dendrite
3-axon

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9
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Part of neuron

Contains nucleus of cell and keeps the cell alive

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10
Q

Dendrite

A

Branching treelike fiber

Collects information from other cells and sends info to the soma

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11
Q

Axon

A

Segmented fibre

Transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands

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12
Q

Mylenation

A

Fatty tissue covering axons

Improve speed and keep electrical charges from shorting out

Myelin sheath

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13
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

Electrical and chemical systems

Electrical charge moves through the neuron itself

Chemicals are used to transmit information between neurons

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14
Q

Signal received by ____ then

A

Dendrites

Then transmitted to soma (electrical signal) and Then (if signal strong enough) maybe passed to axon and then terminal buttons

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15
Q

If signal reaches terminal buttons what happens

A

Signaled to emit chemicals (neurotransmitters) which communicate with other neurons across the spaces between the cells (synapses)

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16
Q

Resting potential

More negative than positive ions

A

Axon remains in resting potential

A state where interior of neuron has a greater number of negatively charged ions than the outside of the cell

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17
Q

Resting potential sodium

A

More sodium on the outside

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18
Q

Action potential :semipermeable

A

Semipermeable membrane lets the sodium in

When the axon is stimulated

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19
Q

Action potential more + than -

A

When the sodium gets let in, the segment temporarily becomes positively charged

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20
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Axon segmented by breaks between segments of myelin sheath

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21
Q

How do can neurons fire a little bit

A

No they always fire completely

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Small spaces between neurons

The area where the terminal buttons at the end of the axon of one neuron NEARLY but don’t quite touch the dendrites of another

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurons communicate with one another by the axons sending chemicals (neurotransmitters) into the space (synapse) that can bind with the dendrites

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24
Q

Complex communication in 2 ways

A

Lots of connections, but some a better fit than other

Transmitter specific receptors

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25
Complex communications: lots of connections
Some are a better fit than other Neuron may have synaptic connections with thousands of other neurons
26
Reason 2 of complexi communication: transmitter specific receptors
Different terminal buttons release different neurotransmitters. Dendrites will admit the neurotransmitter only if the right shape to fit in the receptor sites on the receiving neuron LIKE A LOCK AND KEY
27
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Make cell more likely to fire Ex. Glutamine
28
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Make cell less likely to fire Ex. Serotonin
29
What happens white excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are received same time
Influenced by both. Whichever has higher effects wins
30
What happens when neurotransmitters aren’t accepted
Neurotransmitters not accepted by the receptor sites must be removed from the synapse in order for the next potential stimulation of the neuron to happen 1- Get broken down by enzymes 2-reuptake
31
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the transmitting terminal buttons ready to be released after the neuron fires
32
Common neuro transmitter
-Acetylcholine -dopamine -endorphins -GABA -Glutamate -serotonin
33
Acetylcholine (ACh)
-Used in spinal chord and motor neurons to stimulate muscle contractions - used in brain to regulate memory, sleeping, and dreaming by
34
Nicotine is a ____ acts like _____
Agonist acts like acetylcholine
35
Dopamine
-involved in movement, motivation, and emotion -produce feeling of pleasure when released by brain reward system -involved in learning
36
Alzheimer’s disease bc of
Under supply of acetylcholine
37
Schizophrenia linked to
Increases in dopamine
38
Parkinson’s linked to
Reductions in dopamine
39
Endorphins
-released in response to exercise, orgasm -natural pain relievers -related to compounds found in opium,morphine,heroin
40
GABA
-gamma-aminobutyric acid -major inhibitory transmitter in the brain -lack of GABA leads to involuntary motor actions (seizures) -alcohol stimulates release of GABA inhibits nervous system and make us feel drunk
41
Glutamate
-most common neurotransmitter -realeased in 90% of brains synapses -found in MSG -excess can cause overstimulation/migraines/seizures
42
Serotonin
-involved in mood/appetite/sleep/aggression -drugs designed to treat depression are to prevent their reuptake
43
Antidepressants
-make serotonin and norepinephrine more available -make dopamine more available -can block ACh to get side effects like dry mouth
44
Types of antidepressants
-SSRIs -SNRI -Atypical -serotonin modulators -TCAs -MAOI
45
Anti anxiety meds example
SSRIs Buspirone Benzodiazepines
46
SSRIs often used for
Anxiety
47
Medication used to treat ADHD do what
Increase dopamine Inhibition serotonin reuptake
48
Difference between concerta and vyvanse vs Ritalin and adderall
Concerts 12-14 hours Addy- 4hr
49
Agonist
Drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter
50
What happens when an agonist ingested
Binds to receptor sites in the dendrites to excite neuron Also blocks the real neurotransmitter Acts like more of the neurotransmitter is present
51
Glial cells
Support cells of the CNS
52
What do glial cells do
Surround and link neurons (protecting them/giving nutrients/ absorbing unused neurotransmitters)
53
Part of the cause of nerve pain
Glial cells
54
3 different functions of neurons
Sensory Motor Interneuron
55
Sensory neuron
Carry information from the sensory receptors
56
Motor neuron
Transmit info to muscles and glands
57
Interneuron
Most common type -located primarily within the CNS -responsible for communicating among the neurons
58
Spinal cord
Long thin tubular bundle of nerves and supporting cells that extend down from the brain
59
Ascending tracts in spinal cord
Sensory neurons relay sensory info from the sense organs to the brain
60
Ascending tracts in spinal cord
Sensory neurons relay sensory info from the sense organs to the brain
61
Descending tracts spinal cord
Motor neurons relay motor commands back to the body
62
Reflexes
When a quicker than usual response is required Spinal cord can do it own processing bypassing the brain altogether
63
Reflexes triggered when
Sensory info is powerful enough to reach a given threshold and interneurons in spinal cord act to send a message through the motor neurons without relaying info to the brain
64
Autonomic nervous system
ANS division of the PNS that governs internal activities: -heart rate -breathing -digestion -salivation -urination -arousal
65
Can actions of the ANS be controlled
Breathing and sexual activity can Heart rate and digestion can’t
66
Somatic nervous system
SNS -division of PNS controls external aspects of the body: -skeletal muscles -skin -sense organs Consists mostly of motor nerves for sending brain signals for muscle contraction
67
ANS divided into
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
68
Sympathetic system
Involved in preparing body for -behaviour (mostly response to stress) -^activates organs and glands in endocrine system -
69
Parasympathetic system
Calm the body by slowing down heartbeat and breathing and allowing body to recover from activities the sympathetic system causes
70
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems analogy
Sympathetic like the gas pedal Parasympathetic like the brake
71
Old brain parts
Brain stem Limbic system Cerebellum
72
New brain parts
Cerebral cortex
73
Old brain functions
Regulates basic survivals functions such as : -breathing -moving -resting -feeding Creates our experiences of emotion
74
New brain functions
Further brain layers Provide more advanced functions -better memory -more sophisticated social interaction -new emotions -
75
Brain stem parts
Medulla Pons Reticular formation
76
Brain stem location
Begins where spinal cord enters the skull and forms the medulla
77
Oldest part of brain
Brain stem
78
Brain stem functions
Control breathing, attention and motor responses
79
Medulla function
Control heart rate. Blood pressure. Swallowing and breathing Medulla alone can sustain life
80
Pons function and shape
Spherical shape above the medulla Movement and balance and walking
81
Reticular formation
Long, narrow network of neurons Running through medulla and pons Filtering and arousal -walking. Eating. Sexual activity. Sleeping
82
Thalamus location
Above brain stem
83
Thalamus function and shape
Egg shape Filtering and relaying
84
Limbic system parts
Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala
85
Limbic system
Social functions/Memory/emotions/rewards and punishment Involved in Psychological struggles: anxiety. Depression. Autism
86
Amygdala functions
Perception of and reaction to fear and aggression Social cognition Fear-fight or flight/facial responses/processing smells
87
Amygdala shape and location
2 almond shaped clusters at the end of the hippocampus
88
Why do children with autism have more anxiety but focus better on special interests
Bigger amygdala’s
89
Hypothalamus
Monitoring our temperature, heart rate, hormones Creates feelings of pleasure
90
Hypothalamus location and shape
Below thalamus Look like 2 horns
91
Hippocampus function
Stores info for Long term memory
92
Cerebellum
“Little brain” Voluntary movements -emotional responses, learning (different sounds and textures/procedural memories)
93
Cerebral cortex
-80% of brains weight -corticalization -frontal cortex-reasoning -parietal lobe- touch -accipital lobe-vision -temporal lobe-hearing
94
Corticalization
Wrinkled surface-more surface area and size -increased capacity for learning/remembering/thinking
95
Frontal lobe function
Reasoning, judgement. Planning. Memory
96
Parietal lobe
Touch
97
Occipital lobe
Vision
98
Temporal lobe location and function
I’m front of occipital lobe -responsible for hearing and language
99
Neuroplasticity
Brains ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage Enable us to learn and remember new things and adjust to new experiences
100
Neuroplasticity as adult
Best as a kid. Continues as adults but less so
101
Can neurons repair themselves
No. But we can grow new ones
102
3 founders of Neuroplasticity
Paul bach-y-rita - (can blind adults learn to see. Ppl balance with tongues) Marian Diamond- (use it or lose it. Brain development at any age: diet/exercise/challenge/ newness/ love) Michael Merzenich-
103
Michael merzenich
-Naming Neuroplasticity -competitive neurons -neural efficiency -Microelectrodes -reorganize sensations of hand
104
Competitive neurons
If u don’t use neurons for one functions something else takes over
105
Neural efficiency
Learning a task uses more neurons. Then when u get better at it it uses less bc u become more efficient

Psychology 120 (8 decks)

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