Session 1-3 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Psychology study of
A
Mind and behaviour
2
Q
Who establish the first formal laboratory for research in psychology
And when
A
Wundt in 1879
3
Q
Where was Wundt laboratory
A
University of Leipzig
4
Q
Who created the structuralist school of psychology
A
Wilhelm Wundt
5
Q
Wundt most famous students
2
A
Edward Titchner and
G Stanley Hall
6
Q
Edward titchner teacher
A
Wundt
7
Q
Edward titchner known for
A
Best proponent for structuralism
8
Q
G Stanley hall known for
A
Founder of adolescent psychology
9
Q
What is structuralism
A
- Earliest attempt to study consciousness in a lab
10
Q
What did Wundt want to create
A
A periodic table of elements of the mind (like chemistry periodic table)
11
Q
How did Wundt find elements of the mind
A
Participants were good at introspection
12
Q
How did Wundt find elements of the mind
A
Participants were good at introspection
13
Q
What is introspection
A
Noticing their internal experiences and reporting on them
14
Q
Examples of wundts participants introspection
A
General sense: pressure, heat, cold
Feelings: (for each)
*pleasant/unpleasant
*excitement/depression
*tension/relaxation
15
Q
Edward titchner lab where
A
America
16
Q
How many sensations did titchner and his students find
A
40K
17
Q
William James founded what
A
Functionalism
18
Q
What is William James known for
A
- founder of functionalism
-gave the first psychology lecture
- creator of James-Lange theory of emotion
-wrote “The principles of psychology”
(Classic textbook of psychology)
19
Q
Who founded functionalism
A
William james
20
Q
Who gave the first psychology lecture
A
William james
21
Q
Who wrote the principles of psychology textbook
A
William james
22
Q
Functionalists wanted to understand what
A
Purpose or functions of consciousness
23
Q
Structuralists wanted to understand what
A
The parts of consciousness
24
Q
Functionalists influenced by who
A
Charles Darwin
-memory can remember threats. Maybe that’s why bad memories are more persistent
25
Functionalism has become
Evolutionary psychology
26
Who encouraged behaviourism
William james
27
4 forces of applied psychology
Psychodynamic psychology
Behaviourism
Humanism
Cognitive psychology
28
Who created psychodynamic psychology
Sigmund Freud
29
What is psychodynamic psychology about
About what energizes, motivates, or moves us
These drives, often primal drives of sex and death, are often unconscious to us
30
Where did Freud get his ideas
3 foundations probably
1- ppl in his time fascinated with energy, so he saw ideas as having mental energy
2-Anna O
3- freuds self analysis
31
Who had the conservation of energy theory
Von Helmholtz
32
The mind as an energy system
3 ideas
1- limited amount of NRG. If I focus on school, less energy for sex or aggression
2- if NRG is blocked it gets expressed another way (mad at boss, take out on my dog)
3- mind wants to be at a state of quiescence. (Bodily needs create tension, pleasure releases that nrg)
33
Anna O.
1882
-client with hysteria
-got hypnotized and talked about shit she forgot
- symptoms reduced or temporarily went away
-Freud though NRG of long forgotten memories being released helped (catharsis)
- Freud thought things were aren’t aware affect our thoughts and behaviours
34
What is Id-Freud
Instincts
Sex and aggression
35
Ego- Freud
Reality
36
Super ego - Freud
Morality
37
Oedipus complex
Freud thought as young children we wanna kill our father so we can possess our mothers
Terrible thought/ repress it and forget eventually
38
Psychoanalysis
Through talking/ looking at our dreams/ exploring my early life. We let these thoughts become conscious relieving pressure
39
Freud development theory
Personalities set in stone by age 5
40
Who created cognitive psychology
Ulric Neisser
41
How does Ulric Neisser define cognitive psychology
“All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated,stored, recovered, and used”
42
Cognitive psychology study of what
Mental processes;
Attention, memory, perception, language use, problem solving,creativity, and thinking
43
Ulric neisser wrote what
2 books
Cognitive psychology
Cognition and reality (critical of his field)
44
Why did Ulric neisser criticize his field
Cognitive psychology was disconnected from everyday life
45
Who created cognitive therapy
Aaron beck
46
How to change depressed thoughts
-encourage reality testing
- record cognitions
- detect automatic thoughts
- change underlying assumptions
47
PSE (perceived self efficacy)
Belief that one has the abilities and skills to successfully complete a task
48
Why did behaviourism take hold
Freud concepts couldn’t be measured.
They wanted empirical data
49
Behaviourism studies
Behaviours (which is empirical data)
50
4 big names in behaviourism
JB Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Lee Thorndike
BF skinner
51
Ivan Pavlov school of psychology
Behaviourism
52
Ivan Pavlov type of conditioning studied
Classical conditioning
53
Classical conditioning
2 stimuli that occur at the same time together become associated
54
Operant conditioning
An organism tends to repeat what its rewarded for
55
Edward Lee thorndike school of psychology
Behaviourism
56
Edward Lee thirndike type of conditioning
Operant
57
Who coined the term behaviourism
J B watson
58
Who coined the term behaviourism
J B Watson
59
Who invented behaviourism
Pavlov he didn’t name it tho
60
Who led the way to operant conditioning
Edward Lee thorndike
61
Who coined the term operant conditioning
Skinner
62
Edward Lee thorndike famous for
Puzzle box experiment
Law of effect
63
Puzzle box experiment who? And describe?
Thorndike
Box with lever on the floor to open a door
When animal got out it got a reward
Measured time to get out
64
Puzzle box experiment findings
Learning followed and S curve with Accidental success at first
Animals can generalize
Incorrectly he thought animals couldn’t use observational learning
65
Examples of observational learning
- blue tits in England stealing cream from top of bottle by watching other birds
66
Laws of operant conditioning who? And what?
Thorndike from puzzle box experiment
1- learning incremental
2- learning occurs automatically
3-all animals learn the same way
4-law of effect- (if an association followed by satisfaction it will be strengthened. Followed by annoyance it will be weakened)
5-law of use- (more often associated used, stronger it becomes)
6-law of disuse (longer association unused, weaker it gets)
7-law of recency (most recent response most likely to occur)
8-multiple response (animal try multiple things if first thing don’t work out)
9-set attitude (animals are predisposed to act a certain way)
10-prepotency of elements (subject filter out elements and focus on significant elements in a problem)
11-response by analogy (similar context used for other things)
12- identical elements theory or transfer (more similar the situation, more information that will transfer)
13- associative shifting (possible to switch stimulus from A to AB then just B)
14- law of readiness- (behaviour and learning influenced by readiness/unreadiness of responses)
15- identifiability- (identification important to connecting tasks)
16- availability (easier to touch mouth than draw 5 inch line)
67
Nature vs nurture
Nature- genetics determine behaviour
Nurture- environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behaviour
68
Little Albert experiment
Who and what
John Watson (and a graduate assistant Rosalie rayner)
Conditioned a small child to fear a white rat
Paired rat with a loud frightening noise
69
BF skinner conditioning type
Operant
70
Variable ratios
Example-
playing slots machine
If it pays out little every time and suddenly it doesn’t u think it’s broken
If pays out lots rarely u keep playing to hit it big
Need to find ratio of winning to leaving if u lose money
71
Beyond freedom and dignity
Who wrote and what it say?
Skinner
Argued for a world that reinforced our best behaviours
72
Operant conditioning named that why?
Studies how organism operates on the environment
73
Gamification
Using aspects from games to reinforce positive behaviour
U hit ur steps
74
Humanistic psychology believe what
Intentionality and ethical values are key to determining behaviour
75
4 leaders of humanistic psychology
Carl Rodger’s
Abraham Maslow
Rollo may
Fritz perls
76
Carl rogers focus
Client and growth centered
77
3 aspects of Carl Rodger’s work
Method counselling
Theory of personality
Ideas about the good life
78
Rogers thoughts on person centered therapy (Rochester experience)
Patient mind is jumbled. Therapist organizes everything
79
Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
Empathy
Congruence
All together^
80
Necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
Empathy
Congruence
All together^
81
Congruence
Therapist is authentic
82
Congruence
Therapist is authentic
83
Unconditional positive regard
Deep and genuine caring for the client
84
Empathy in terms of therapy
Put urself in others shoes to understand client experience
85
Rogers theory of personality
Key characteristics of personality
- organized and consistent
-prone to environmental influences
-causes your behaviours and your reaction to others
-patterns of thoughts, behaviours, and feelings that make u unique
86
Phenomenology
Seeks to understand outside world as it is interpreted by and through human consciousness
87
Phenomenal field
We all see things differently
(If u think ur good at math. U have more confidence doing math and do better)
88
Authenticity
Who we want to be isn’t just wanting to be rich, u listen to yourself
89
Rogers believed humans have 2 basic needs
Need Self actualization
And positive regard
90
Self actualization
To fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of “human beingness” that we can
91
Rollo May wanted what
Wanted us to live our authentic lives
92
Existential therapy
By accepting mortality a client can overcome anxieties and instead view life as moments which he or she is fundamentally free
93
Fritz perls known for
Gestalt therapy
94
Gestalt therapy
Psychotherapy centered on the present moment rather than past experiences
95
Mary stark white house
Authentic movement
96
Abraham Maslow known for
Hierarchy of needs
97
Hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
Pyramid
Top1- self actualization
2-esteem
3-love and belonging
4- safety needs
5-physiological needs
98
Maslow - deficiency needs
Bottom 4 levels of pyramid because don’t feel anything if they are met but feel anxious if they aren’t
99
Maslow- growth needs
5th level of pyramid
Allows person to reach fullest potential
Need to meet deficiency needs first
100
Rene Descartes
Rationalist
I think therefore I am
Reason is foundation of knowledge
101
Scientific approach
Attitude toward knowledge
Method for testing and adding to knowledge
102
What is scientific attitude
Balance of having an open mind and being skeptical
103
All scientific statements are prefaced with
As far as we presently know
104
Basic research
Expand knowledge in field of study
Knowledge specific
Theory oriented
Explanatory and analytical
Subjective
105
Applied research
Solutions for specific problems
Solution driven
Practical oriented
Action oriented and synthetic
Objective method
106
Laws
General to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry
107
Theories
A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested
108
Theories
A level of prediction not as broad as a law that can be tested
Integrated set of principles that predicts and explains many relationships
109
Hierarchy of organizing principals
Broad to narrow
Theory-> hypothesis-> observation-> confirmation
110
Theories need to be 3 things
General enough to fit several situations
Parsimonious
Falsifiable
111
Hypothesis
Specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
112
3 types of research designs
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
113
3 types of research designs
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
114
Descriptive research
Provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs
115
Correlational research
Designed to discover relationships among variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge
116
Experimental research
We can get a sense of one variable causing changes in another
117
Descriptive research examples
Case studies
Historical studies
Ethnographic studies
Some surveys
Naturalistic observations in general
118
4 threats to validity
External threats
Internal threats
Construct threats
Statistical threats
119
Research designs
Historical research
Ethnographic studies
Observation
Case studies
Surveys
Interviews
Correlational studies
Experiments
120
.05 confidence level means what
5/100 you get ur results by chance
95% confident in ur results
