Final pt 4 (session 10)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that is the result of experience

Question 2

Behaviourists

Answer 2

Fundamental aspect of learning is conditioning

Question 3

Conditioning

Answer 3

Connecting stimuli with responses

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

A NEUTRAL stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour

Pavlov’s dogs-(food already leads to salivating. Pavlov connected bell to food to saliva)

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Something that triggers a naturally occurring response

Food- salivation

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

The response that is wanted

Bell makes dog salivate. Salivate is CR

Question 8

Extinction in terms of conditioning

Answer 8

If the dogs keep hearing the bell without getting food the dogs salivate less and less to the sound. And then eventually not at all

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

After exctinction, if u pause and then do it again the dogs will salivate. Not as much but still salivate

Question 10

Generalization in terms of conditioning

Answer 10

If u salivate from a bell, something similar would make u salivate too

Question 11

Discrimination in terms of conditioning

Answer 11

Opposite of generalization

It’s the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical

Question 12

Second order conditioning

Answer 12

If the bell make dog salivate

And you showed a box, then played bell sound. Eventually they salivate at the site of the box

Question 13

Gracias rats

Answer 13

John Garcia

Conditioned rats by presenting either a sight, taste, or sound before giving drugs to rats that made them nauseous.

Taste conditioning was more powerful

Question 14

Gracias findings

Answer 14

Genetics are responsible for how they’re prepared to learn some associations more easily than other

Question 15

Role of nature in classical conditioning

Answer 15

We’re more evolutionarily inclined to learn associations between things that are dangers to us over others

We don’t like bitter bc it used to mean poison

But some animals can’t taste bitter if it’s not poisonous to them

Question 16

Operant conditioning vs classical

Answer 16

Classical is relating to nature

Operant is consequences and rewards

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

Learning that occurs from consequences of behaviour and can involve learning new actions

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

Increasing target behaviour by adding something desirable

Giving treats for tricks

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

Increase target behaviour by taking away something aversive

If u get a 90 on the midterm u don’t have to write the final

Question 20

Positive punishment

Answer 20

Additional if an aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour

Talking back get u a whooping

Question 21

Negative punishment

Answer 21

Removal of something desirable to decrease behaviour

Take away Xbox when u talk back

Question 22

Reinforcer vs punisher

Positive vs negative

Answer 22

Reinforcer increases likelihood

Punisher decreases likelihood

Positive- reinforcement added

Negative- reinforcement take away

Question 23

What’s the most effective form of operant conditioning

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

Fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 24

Behaviour is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Workers paid according to how many things they produce

Question 25

Variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 25

Behaviour reinforced after an average but unpredictable number of responses Payoffs from slots

Question 26

Fixed interval

Answer 26

Behaviour reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed Monthly salary

Question 27

Variable interval

Answer 27

Behaviour reinforced for the first response after an average but unpredictable amount of time has passed Person checking email for messages

Question 28

Shaping

Answer 28

Guiding an organisms behaviour to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behaviour

Question 29

Shaping discrimination

Answer 29

Reinforcing animals if the correctly discriminate between similar stimuli Tests animals ability to learn

Question 30

Bobo doll

Answer 30

Kids are more aggressive after seeing aggressive adult models Children exposed to an aggressive doll were more likely to be aggressive compared to those who weren’t

Question 31

Other forms of learning besides conditioning

Answer 31

Insight, latent, and observational learning

Question 32

Insight

Answer 32

Sudden understanding of a solution to the problem

Question 33

Wolfgang logger

Answer 33

1925 Recognized even animals learned from insight as well as conditioning Gave primates problems difficult to figure out from trial and error They stopped to think for a while then suddenly knew how to solve the problem

Question 34

New Caledonian crows

Answer 34

Great tool users Seemed to stop and contemplate

Question 35

Latent learning

Answer 35

Sometimes we learn even when we aren’t reinforced

Question 36

Edward tolman

Answer 36

Latent learning Studied 3 groups of rats navigating mazes Group 1 always got a reward at the end of the maze Group 2 never received a reward Group 3 got a reward beginning in the 11th day if the experiment Group 1 finished right away. 2 and 3 wandered aimlessly When group 3 got treats they had caught up on their learning by the next day

Question 37

Porters pidgeons

Answer 37

Pidgeons were able to tell difference in classical music as well as university students

Question 38

How or why did tolmans rats explore the maze

Answer 38

Beeline says we have a natural curiosity drive

Question 39

Bandera and bobo dolls

Answer 39

More aggressive doll made the kids more aggressive Children were more influenced by same sex models When it was an aggressive boy 104 aggressive instances compare to an aggressive female 48.4

Question 40

Bobo dolls experiment with TV 1963 part 2

Answer 40

Violent TV makes kids more aggressive but not as much as a live model Watching adults on tv be aggressive isn’t as effective as witnessing it first hand

Question 41

Bobo dolls experiment 3 1965

Answer 41

Seeing the model get punished for aggression made kids be less aggressive than kids who saw aggression get rewarded

Question 42

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

Purpose Interest Mastery Curiosity Pride Inside emotions and factors

Question 43

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 43

Grades Points Money Career Exams Outside motivation

Question 44

Lepper 1973

Answer 44

Gave kids markers. They loved them Took them away. Split them into groups of 3 G1- were told they’d get an award for playing G2- weren’t told they were getting an award G3- just played with the markers The next day they put the markers back and the kids who came to expect an award didn’t play with them as much

Question 45

Lepper conclusion on his markers experiment

Answer 45

When We try to figure out if we want to do something. We base that decision on past experience. If in the past it was done for a reward then maybe we decide it wasn’t enjoyable

Question 46

Social dilemmas

Answer 46

A situation in which the behaviour creates the most positive outcomes for the individual might lead to long term consequences for the group as a whole

Question 47

Prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 47

Basically split or steal but instead of money it’s with prison sentences