the two fat stripes of the wrist demonstrated radiographically are known as the
scaphoid stripe & the pronator stripe
CR placement for a PA projection of the third digit
at the proximal interphalangeal joint
fiberglass cast
increase kvp 3-4
how many bones make up carpal region
8
the interphalangeal joints have a ___ type of joint movement
ginglymus
the radiocarpal (wrist) joint has a ___ type of joint movement
ellipsoidal
most commonly fractured carpal bone
scaphoid
which carpal articulates with both the fourth & fifth metacarpals
hamate
carpals in proximal row from lateral to medial
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform
metacarpal type of bone
long
how many bones make up phalanges of the hand
14
for an AP projection of the thumb the CR should be directed to
the MCP joint
the second MCP joint has a ___ type joint movement
ellipsoidal
T/F: in a PA oblique of the wrist the carpals will be superimposed
true
which carpal articulates with the radius
scaphoid
mixed area of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions
osteoporosis
Soft tissue swelling and loss of fat pad detail visibility
osteomyelitis
Narrowing of joint space with periosteal growths on the joint margins
 osteoarthritis
Most common type of primary malignant tumor occurring in bone
multiple myeloma
CR placement for an AP projection (modified roberts method) of the thumb is at the
first carpometacarpal joint (CMC)
an ellipsoidal joint allows movement in__ directions
4
which projection best demonstrates pathology involving the first carpometacarpal joint
AP thumb, modified roberts method
Total amount of bones that make up the hand and wrist
27
on a PA hand the thumb naturally rests at what position
oblique
what view would best demonstrate early onset of rheumatoid arthritis in the second through fifth proximal interphalange and MCP joints
Nogaard method
What method would best diagnose tearing or sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament also known as skiers thumb
Folio method
fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius
Bartons fracture
T/F: narrowing of the joint space with periosteal growths on joint margins is defined as osteoarthritis and is best seen on AP and lateral views
true
carpal tunnel syndrome is best diagnosed with what view
Gaynor hart method 
what is not recommended for a PA projection due to OID
thumb
For lateral projection of the hand the CR is directed to
Second MCP
patient enters ED with a Smith fracture what region of the upper limb must be radiographed to demonstrate this injury
wrist and forearm
A patient enters the ED with a possible Bennets fracture what routine should be performed to the confirm the diagnosis
thumb
A patient arrives in radiology with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand what routine should be performed to confirm location of foreign body
PA and lateral with fingers extended projections
The first portion of the small intestine is
deodenum
what is the name of the double fold of the peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver
lesser omentum 
The abdomen can be divided into how many regions
9
extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal cavity
rectum
the xiphoid process corresponds with what vertebral level
T9-T10
What organ stores old red blood cells
spleen
The iliac crest is at the level of which vertebrae
L4-L5
The appendix is in which quadrant
RLQ
thick folds of the peritoneum that help hold abdominal organs in place
mesentery
largest gland in the body
liver
T/F: the cecum is part of the large intestine just after the ileum
true
two hormones are secreted by the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
primary function of the liver
produce bile
 The liver gallbladder and hepatic flexure are in which quadrant
RUQ
The digital imaging range of KVP used on an adult abdominal film
80-85
KUB stands for
kidneys ureter and bladder
centering point for an AP upright abdomen
2 inches above iliac crest
serious membrane that lines the abdomen pelvic wall is called
 peritoneum
The condition of free air in the abdominal cavity is called what
pneumoperitoneum
The telescoping of a section of bowel into another loop is called
intussusception
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity is called
ascites
the falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the
liver
a patient presents with a possible umbilical hernia and the KUB results were inconclusive, what projection can be done to help confirm diagnosis
dorsal decubitus
Best mechanism to control involuntary patient motion is
lower time
Which region of the abdomen contains the spleen
left hypochondriac
part of the infraperitoneum
ovaries
what would secrete digestive enzymes
exocrine
NOT an accessory organs of digestion
spleen
what 2 positions usually make up the abdomen/obstruction series
supine abdomen & upright abdomen
best modality to diagnose gallstones
ultrasound
the junction of the small & large intestine
ileocecal valve
a patient has free air in the intra abdominal cavity rises to the level of the _____ in a patient that is erect
diaphragm
a patient is in severe pain and cannot stand what positioning routine should be done to diagnose free air in abdomen 
supine & left lateral decub
correct term for the seventh cervical vertebrae is
vertebral prominens
lobes of the lung are separated by what
fissures
what part of the pleura adheres to the inner surface of the lungs
visceral
why are the shoulders pressed down toward the IR for a PA projection of the chest?
to reduce chest rotation
sudden blockage of an artery in the lung is called
pulmonary emboli
what is the most effective way to remove the scapulae from the lung field
roll the shoulders forward
name of special immobilization device used for pediatric chest studies
pigg o stat
area of each lung where the bronchi & blood vessels enter and leave is called the
hilum
the trachea bifurcates and forms the
right and left bronchi
extreme outter most lower corner of each lung
costophrenic angle
best kV level & distance for an adult chest
115 kV, 72 inches SID
if looking for air in the right pleural cavity what position should you use if patient cannot stand
left lateral decub
CR for PA chest & plane
midsagittal, T7
NOT considered a mediastinal structure
epiglottis
the asthenic body type makes up ___% of population
10
where does air exchange occur in the lungs
alveoli
common passageway that serves for both food & air
pharynx
lower concave area of the lung
base
2 body parts most common for topographic landmarks for chest positioning
vertebra prominences & jugular notch
trachea extends from C6 to approx.
T5
“adam’s apple” is formally referred to as
laryngeal prominens
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
the diaphragm
a radiograph of an AP lordotic projection shows that the clavicles are projected within the apices, needing a repeat, the patient complains of being too unsteady to lean back what other options are there to complete this exam
perform AP semiaxial projection
a PA chest radiograph shows that the left sternoclavicular joint is superimposed over the spine (in comparison with the right) what specific positioning error occurred
rotation into LAO position
what pathology would possibly require a PA chest radiograph be take with both inspiration & expiration
pneumothorax
caused by deposits of black coal dust, form of occupational lung disease
anthracosis
most common benign pulmonary mass, found in the peripheral regions of the lung
harmartoma
irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi that may result from repeated pulmonary infections or obstructions
bronchiectasis
Condition or partial or complete collapse of the long occurs as a result of a blowout of the Bronchus being obstructed may cause a shift in the trachea our heart to the affected side
atelectasis
abnormal accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
empyema
abnormal accumulation of blood in pleural cavity
hemothorax
inflammation caused by a virus or bacteria in the pleura surroundings of the lungs
pleurisy
caused by food or foreign body becoming lodged in the lung
aspiration pneumonia
accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lung
pneumothorax
most common inherited lung disease, heavy mucus causes progressive “clogging” of bronchi & bronchioles
cystic fibrosis
condition of shortness of breath
dyspnea
irreversible & chronic lung disease caused by smoking and long term dust inhalation ; shows as increased lung dimensions on radiographs
emphysema
life threatening condition of soft tissue edema & swelling, most common in young children
epiglottis
condition of excess fluid within the lungs & most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or coronary heart disease
pulmonary edema
what view should be performed to confirm a fracture of the coronoid process
coyle method with 80 degree flexion & CR 45 degrees away from the shoulder
what degree of flexion best suits the coyle method for radial head fractures
90 degrees
the larger of the humeral epicondyles is
the medial epicondyle
what routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head free of superimposition
AP oblique with lateral rotation
a patient has their elbow flexed greater than 90 degrees and cannot extend the arm, what views should be performed to confirm diagnosis
acute flexion series / limited lateral
a fluid filled joint cavity indicates
joint effusion
most common type of benign bone tumor , usually occurs in people 10-20 yrs old, arise from the outer cortex with the tumor parallel to the bone point away from joint
osteochondroma
a radiograph of the elbow demonstrates the radius directly superimposed over the ulna and the coracoid process in profile, what projection of the elbow has been done
medial oblique rotation
what is considered a routine exam of the forearm?
AP & lateral
position of hand for and AP medial rotation oblique elbow
pronated
bony landmarks for positioning of the elbow
humeral epicondyles
which view of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile
lateral
what 2 structures primarily form the hinge like structure and moment of the elbow joint
trochlea & olecranon process
ginglymus joint can be referred to as
hinge
known as a degenerative joint disease & in non inflammatory & involves enlarged or overgrown bone formation
osteoarthritis
what is located in the medial aspect of the distal radius
ulnar notch
what structure is located medially on an AP elbow projection
trochlea
local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow
osteomyelitis
which bone of the upper limb contains the coronoid process
ulna
50% of the population has this body type
sthenic
why is a left lateral chest preferred?
places heart closer to IR, reduced magnification
the body movement for when you turn the bottom of the foot inward at ankle joint
inversion
pleural effusion when blood leaks
hemothorax
patient with dyspnea in ER , what exam is needed
PA & lateral chest
NOT an accessory organ
stomach
the stomach is in which quadrant
left upper
misrepresentation of an objects size
distortion
lateral oblique of elbow best shows
radial head free of superimposition & capitulum
what forearm bone directly articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint
olecranon process of ions
what part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle
acromion
the lesser tubercle is best seen in profile on what image of the shoulder
internal rotation
the most common exam to demonstrate osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis
AP & lateral shoulder
what projections are included in the trauma shoulder routine
AP (neutral) , transthoracic lateral, or PA oblique (scap Y lateral)
the greater tubercle is best seen in profile on what image
external rotation
a compression fracture of the articular surface of the posterolsteral aspect of the humeral head associated with anterior dislocation
hills sachs defect
lawerence method is another name for what projection
axial shoulder
condition results in a reduction in the quality of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue
osteoporosis
to best demonstrate the hills sachs defect on the axial shoulder
use exaggerated external rotation with the thumb toward the IR
SC & AC joints are classified as
plane
traumatic injury to one or more of the muscles of she shoulder
rotator cuff tear
most common type of proximal humerus injury
anterior dislocations
injury of the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum
coracoid sits on ____ of scapula
anterior surface
upper border of the IR should be how far above the shoulders for PA & lat chest
11/2 - 2 inches
the esophagus is ___ in relation to the trachea
posterior
trochlea articulates with
proximal ulna
an abdomen obstruction series includes
supine & erect
movement of diaphragm for expiration
goes up
movement of the diaphragm for inspiration
goes down
