FINAL REVISION

Question 1

3 areas of central government?

Answer 1

-Conseil d’etat (council of the state): major state issues and foreign affairs.
-Conseil des dépêches( council of the interior, dispatches from kings officials and church matters)
-Conseil royal des finances (state finances and household cost, 1787 economic policy)

Question 2

4 philosophes?

Answer 2

+Montesquieu: argued for separation of powers.
+Voltaire: freedom of speech
+Rousseau: social contract, “man is free but everywhere he is in chains”
+Diderot: rejected church and saw it as inhibiting progress

Question 3

1788 harvest?

Answer 3

Hailstorm destroyed many crops, worst harvest in 40 years

Question 4

first controller general?

Answer 4

Turgot- appointed 1774, economy would improve if less restricted, enforced a detailed budget, reducing royal spending, reforms to tax.
did reduce debt, however de reg of grain trade failed following bad harvest and flower wars, land tax strongly opposed.
6 edicts, desire to tax all and reduce privilege, pushed through by lit de justice but offended Marie and removed 1776.

Question 5

Necker?

Answer 5

made director general as protestant, removed vingtiemme on industry, appointed salaried officials to run royal estates, admin more streamlined,
-produced first ever budget statement, inaccurate showed a surplus of 10 million
-very popular, resigned 1781.

Question 6

Calonne?

Answer 6

83-7 replaced Necker, more traditional, wanted a general land tax and removal of internal customs and stamp duty , led to the assembly of notables.

Question 7

assembly of notables

Answer 7

1787- 144 members- hostile to calonnes reforms, situation not bad enough.. removed in April. No taxation without representation

Question 8

Brienne?

Answer 8

replaced calonne, reforms to navy and education, fairer land tax. attempted tax reforms through lit de justice. blocked by parliament who were banished.

Question 9

outspoken?

Answer 9

Duc d orleans expelled through letters de cachet, parliament produced fundamental laws of the kingdom

Question 10

Louis may edicts?

Answer 10

also referred to as the judicial reforms. These edicts aimed to centralize power and limit the influence of the parlements, the French royal courts, by establishing a new judicial system and restricting their jurisdiction.
-In Grenoble, after attempting to close a court, soldiers pelted with tiles ‘day of tiles’

Question 11

Brinne resigned?

Answer 11

in July, forced to suspend payments to royal treasury, could no longer gain loans as could not pay interest, Necker recalled. forced to call estates- general.

Question 12

national assembly?

Answer 12

17 June 1789, third estate voted to be called National Assembly, clergy joined 2 days later.

Question 13

aftermath of tennis court oath?

Answer 13

Louis accepted land tax 23rd June, refused to accept social changes
-26 June, 4880 extra troops brought to Paris,
-27 June recognised national assembly and voting per head
-4 July, 30000 troops in the capital.
-11 July Necker dismissed

Question 14

storming of Bastille?

Answer 14

!4 July

Question 15

what was destroyed in great fear?

Answer 15

Terriers( deads of feudal rights) and record of sales and obligations

Question 16

Response to great fear?

Answer 16

4 august, national assembly abolished feudal rights and a series of other decrees: +all pay same tax on everything
+all eligible for all positions.
Declaration of rights of man and citizen: 26 august, summarised rev ideals.

Question 17

attack of church?

Answer 17

12 July 1790, church lands nationalised to pay for rev government, administration re structured, 83 bishoprics from 135, clergymen payed state officials, bishops and priests elected.
Oath to the civil constitution: Nov 1790, out of 160 bishops, only 5 swore, and 55% of clergy. rest to loose offices
Pope released charitas- suspended all who took oath.
=helped destroy national unity.

Question 18

admin?

Answer 18

83 departments created, divided into districts and communes. each d had elected council of 36, directorate of 8 for admin
=emphasis of decentralisation

Question 19

judicial policies?

Answer 19

emphasis that everyone should have access to justice, everyone to see a judge within 24 hours, each department capital had courts, big court called tribunal de cassation. guillotine only acceptable death sentence, sentences fair…

Question 20

fiscal policies?

Answer 20

assignats- could loan money to government, in return for church land.
maintained gabelle to 1790, tobacco to 1791
patriotic income of 25% over 2 years for exceeding 400 litres a year.
economic restructuring programme 1791- based on land/poll/property tax, fairer for everyone.

Question 21

economic policies?

Answer 21

economic restructuring programme 1791, a land tax/ poll tax/ limited tax on commercial activity.

Question 22

champs de mars?

Answer 22

17 July, cordeliers club organised signing of a petition calling for a republic, around 6000 people.
after stones thrown at nation guard, led to massacre of approx 50 people.

Question 23

declaration of pilnitz?

Answer 23

27 august

Question 24

build up to September massacres?

Answer 24

30 august- Danton arranged for house searches for weapons
2 September- organised levee, forcing conscription on pain of death

Question 25

aftermath of kings removal?

Answer 25

Danton made minister of justice, any of kings suspensory vetos would come into force, tribunal court set up, refectory priests given 2 weeks to leave or face deportation

Question 26

republic?

Answer 26

22 September 1792, france declared a republic, adopted rev calendar, 12 months, 3 weeks, 10 days

Question 27

The Vendee?

Answer 27

rural,conservative and highly catholic area, large amounts of church land sold... uprising due to levy of 300000 men. 14 march took major city of Cholet, massacred officials and guerrilla warfare.

Question 28

Jacobin/Robespierres measures?

Answer 28

+Oct 1792: creation of the CGS, established for policing and justice, 12 deputies 1793. +February 1793: Draft of 300000 men +March 1793: 82 repressentants en mission, appointed to travel france in pairs and ensure law and order +March 1793: revolutionary tribunal established +March 1793: comittes of public surveillance established +17 march: rebels bearing arms could be executed with no appeal +April 1793: committee of public safety established (CPS)

Question 29

fall of Girondans?

Answer 29

12 April 1793- Girondans produced indictment for Marats arrest (went against law) , Marat tried and acquitted 12 days later, 3 may, 80000 sans culottes surrounded convention demanding bread price controls, 26 may, Robespierre called for expulsion of corrupt deputies 2 June, 80000-100000 crowds assembled, leading to expulsion of 29 girondan deputies federealist revolts in 60/83 of the departments uprising in toulon...

Question 30

levee en masse?

Answer 30

23 August 1793, all men without immediate dependants called up for war, effort to reunite country, all played a part. by 1794, over 1 million men in arms, 14 well trained and supplied armies It became a crime to be defeated and fail. by end of 1793, with help of generals such as Hoche and Pichegru, all armies driven out of France and vended rebels dispersed.

Question 31

rise of terror?

Answer 31

Growing Influence of sans culottes, 2 members joined the cps. -9 sept: farmers forced to give up grain and hoarders attacked -17 September: Law of suspects passed, surveillance passed lists of suspects to cps -29 September: new law for general maximum price of grain DANTON: LET US BE TERRIBLE IN ORDER TO STOP THE OTHER PEOPLE FROM DOING SO

Question 32

Law of 14 frumaire?

Answer 32

gave cps direct power over everyone, highly centralised, decrease in sans culottes.

Question 33

Robespierre eliminating rivals?

Answer 33

Hubertists: rumours of a plot to massacre national assembly spread, -march 1794 Hebert and 18 associates executed -arrest of indulgents followed: Danton, desmoulins and 13 others guillotined in April 1794.

Question 34

law of 22 Prairial?

Answer 34

8 may, terror intensified, all accused of political crimes to be sent to Paris, only acquittal or death. led to great terror: 10 June to 26 July 1794- rev tribunal announced 1284 death sentences, acquitted only 278.

Question 35

Thermidor- Robespierres downfall

Answer 35

Robespierre and assistants all found guilty and guiltoned 28 July, 87/95 commune members killed =end of terror.

Question 36

tribunal?

Answer 36

lasted until may 1795, mainly to trial Jacobins

Question 37

rising of germinal?

Answer 37

sans culottes attempted to manipulate weakened govenrment- 10000 invaded and demanded constitution of 1793. arrival of national guard saw them retreat.

Question 38

rising of prairial?

Answer 38

even larger number of sans culottes, murdered deputy jean betrand feraud, demanded release of Jacobin prisoners , and better food supplies. rebels failed to disperse, approx 20000 returned the next day. 40000 brought in to disperse the crowd 42 national guards and 6/12 deputies killed who gave into demands

Question 39

rising of vedemaire?

Answer 39

ROYALIST-a royalist revolt in Paris during the French Revolution. It involved approximately 25,000 Parisians who rose against the newly established Directory government and its anti-royalist policies. Napoleon fired grapeshot into crowd, approx 300 royalists

Question 40

economic measures?

Answer 40

-initially introduced mandates, led to increased inflation, removed from circulation and only allowed for metal coins -1795 weights and measures standardised, and good harvests in 96+8 let to reduction in price of grain -taxation system reorganised by Vincent ram el 1795, new property tax and revived octroits (taxing goods in towns) -mandats wrote of 2/3 of government debt, its collapse alienated the bourgeoisie -balabce of payments by 1797/8.

Question 41

coup of frucitor?

Answer 41

April 1797, royalists did well in elections, increased seats to 182 (more than 1/3) = purged by barres/ rewbell produced evidence that pichergu (pres of 500) had been in contact with emigres. taken down by a joint military force of hoche and Augereau arresting 177 royalist deputies. 53 exiled to French Guyana, 42 opposition newspapers forced to close, 2 new directors chosen

Question 42

coup of floreal?

Answer 42

after royalist gains mimimised, Jacobins soared ahead, purged 127 deputies from council of 500 before seats could be taken

Question 43

coup of prairial?

Answer 43

faith in directory at an all time low, a bloodless coup in France that resulted in the ousting of the Directory's Jacobin faction and the rise of Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès as the dominant figure in the government.

Question 44

Italian campaign?

Answer 44

-April 1796, Piedmont-sardinia withdrew from first coalition, gave nice and savoy to france. -went on to defeat Austrians at Lodi, gained Milan and pillaged of arts and treasures -success continued in 'quadrilateral' Peschiera, Mantua, Legnago, and Verona, formed a defensive line, and their control was crucial for the Austrians in maintaining their hold on the region. eventually, siege of Mantua saw Napoleons success and occupation of Venice.

Question 45

advance into austria?

Answer 45

his armies got as far as leoben (96km from Vienna), led to treaty of campo-formic 17 October 1797, with archduke Charles. =despite not gaining consent from directory, highly successful treaty; French control over netherlands,cisalpine and Ligurian republics, Rhine frontier, possession of islands in return for Austrian Venetian influence.

Question 46

coup of Brumaire?

Answer 46

Abbe sieyes elected as a director in 1799, originally planned coup d etat with general Houbert in 1799, he died tho. Napoleon's return was very fortunate. -23rd October organised Ns brother Lucien to become head of c o 500. 18 Brumaire, both councils persuaded to go to Saint Cloud, Napoleon moved 6000 troops as protection sieyes and ducos resigned, barras persuaded to step down, moulin and gohier placed on house arrest. Councils realised they had been duped, Napoleon stormed council of ancients, moved to council of 500. most deputies fled, Lucien found 3 hiding, got them to appoint 3 consuls until new const sieyes, ducos and Napoleon...

Question 47

constitution of year VIII?

Answer 47

first consul (Napoleon) shared power with 2 others for 10 years council of state: chosen by first consul, acted as advisers senate: 80 members nominated by first consul,. legislative body: upper chamber, 300 members, voted for legislation but did not discuss it tribunate, 100, discussed legislation but did not vote 6000 notables, from 60000 citizens, from 600000... - Napoleon held immense power, despite sieyes attempt to overthrow.

Question 48

duc d enghein?

Answer 48

guilty of receiving funds from Britain and bearing arms against france, shot by firing squad and left in a ditch.

Question 49

concordat?

Answer 49

-15 July 1801 -Pope recognised as head of the -Catholic Church -pope recognised new regime in france -bishops and clergy appointed by first consul

Question 50

improving economy?

Answer 50

minster of interior Chapital brought in to stabilise the economy. -bureau of statistics -society of encouragement -establishemtn of councils of agriculture, arts and commerce -increased mechanical and technical innovation wool increased by 400% silk from 26mil to 64mil.

Question 51

hohenlinden and treaty

Answer 51

In nov, sent another army to Austria, victorious at hoohenlinden and Austria forced to sign treaty of luneville in 1801 =left only Britain at war which was led to peace of amiens.

Question 52

3rd coalition

Answer 52

-October 1805, Napoleon surrounded and defeated Austrians at ulm on the river Danube, capturing 50000+ troops with minimal losses -December,crushing defeat of Austro-russian 90000 vs French 68000 at Austerlitz. -July 1806, created confederation of the Rhine,angerered Prussians who got involved -Prussians defeated at Jena and auerstaat, n entered berlin.

Question 53

tilsit?

Answer 53

July 1807, France created grand duchy of Warsaw, Russia joined continental system

Question 54

empire?

Answer 54

Pays reunis= france pays conquis= ruled by france pays allies= allies = authority was highly centralised and enforced by the gendarmerie -kingdom of Westphalia and Italy abolished feudalism, and enforced code Napoleon less success for Joseph in naples and Spain Louis too idependant in holland, forced to abdicate 1810 =all major decision reverted to Napoleon.

Question 55

peninsula war?

Answer 55

-rebel groups e.g Juntas formed -army of Andalusia pushed back 22000 French troops out of Spain -british sent Arthur Wellesley, in support of Spain, defeated france at vimero in Portugal -Nov 1808, N placed himself in control of Spain, 4 dec entered madrid with 80000 troops. -N forced to leave in 1809 due to Austrians. -despite 1/4 troops, france never succeeded and knows as Spanish ulcer.

Question 56

austria war 1809?

Answer 56

re entered feb 1809, undergone reforms since Austerlitz. -Napoleon defeats Austrians at Eckmuhl, 12000 a deaths, 6000 f. - at essaying French lost 20000 and forced to retreat to an island on the Danube -escaped, leading to battle of Wagram, packed battlefield of 300000+, use of Austrian tactics, Napoleon won at the cost of 34000 men. -resulted in treaty of Schonbrunn, 14 October 1809, costing 83000 sk of land and 1/6 of population.

Question 57

war of 6 coalition?

Answer 57

Napoleon managed to create a new army of 250000 3 months after Russian campaign. battle of Leipzig, known as battle of nations, outnumbered 3:2, after a few days forced to retreat across Germany. -refused generous peace deal which would allow him to have kept Frances natural borders. -only had 60000 typhus ridden soldiers, Britain pushed in from Toulouse. -treaty of Chaumont march 1814, agreed to preserve coalition until Napoleon defeated -30 march 1814, allies entered Paris, treaty of fontainblue, Napoleon expelled to island of Elba, pension of 200000.

Question 58

First peace of Paris?

Answer 58

1814, senate invited Louis xviii to take the throne, if he accepted charter of 74 articles, including a constitution, 2 chamber system, protection of biens nationeux, borders returned to that of 1792.

Question 59

The Hundred days?

Answer 59

Napoleon had escaped Elba, and landed in cannes on 1st march. able to win support easily as highly persuasive. raised an army of 300000 to face northern frontier, relied on enemies not being able to cooperate. 16 June, defeated Prussians at lingy, attacked british the same day Wellinton held good position at Waterloo, return of 81000 Prussians saw the destruction of france. 22 June, abdicated, 15 July surrendered to british and exiled to st Helena 5000 miles away.

Question 60

Second peace of Paris?

Answer 60

-congress of Vienna hastily reconvened, French frontiers reduced to 1790, to pay 700 million, return all looted art works, to be occupied by wellington for 5 years wanted to contain france through buffer states