Napoleon

Question 1

Napoleon changes to army and tactics?

Answer 1

-arranged for troops to be payed in silver rather than paper money
- speed and manoeuvrability of corps system
-reserve troops under his command
-forced march
-troops forced to live of the land
-worked 18-20 hours a day
-highly motivated and good at adjusting

Question 2

Italian campaign?

Answer 2

-April 1796, Piedmont-sardinia withdrew from first coalition, gave nice and savoy to france.
-went on to defeat Austrians at Lodi, gained Milan and pillaged of arts and treasures
-success continued in ‘quadrilateral’ Peschiera, Mantua, Legnago, and Verona, formed a defensive line, and their control was crucial for the Austrians in maintaining their hold on the region.
eventually, siege of Mantua saw Napoleons success and occupation of Venice.

Question 3

cisalpine republic?

Answer 3

created following Italian campaign, June 1797, created a directory and appointed ministers. capital of Milan

Question 4

advance into austria?

Answer 4

his armies got as far as leoben (96km from Vienna), led to treaty of campo-formic 17 October 1797, with archduke Charles.
=despite not gaining consent from directory, highly successful treaty; French control over netherlands,cisalpine and Ligurian republics, Rhine frontier, possession of islands in return for Austrian Venetian influence.

Question 5

Egyptian campaign?

Answer 5

May 1798, in charge of army of the orient 35000 men to Egypt.
-defeated egyptions at battle of the pyramids, near Cairo
-nelson defeated anchored fleet at aboukir bay in august, cutting of N from France
-headed to syria with 13000, shot 2000 prisoners at Jaffa
-had to abandon siege of acre, underestimated the resilience they would be met with
-retreated after just 2 months, his expulsion of knights of St John from Malta angered the tsar, created second coalition.

Question 6

coup of Brumaire?

Answer 6

Abbe sieyes elected as a director in 1799, originally planned coup d etat with general Houbert in 1799, he died tho. Napoleon’s return was very fortunate.
-23rd October organised Ns brother Lucien to become head of c o 500.
18 Brumaire, both councils persuaded to go to Saint Cloud, Napoleon moved 6000 troops as protection
sieyes and ducos resigned, barras persuaded to step down, moulin and gohier placed on house arrest.
Councils realised they had been duped, Napoleon stormed council of ancients, moved to council of 500.
most deputies fled, Lucien found 3 hiding, got them to appoint 3 consuls until new const
sieyes, ducos and Napoleon…

Question 7

constitution of year VIII?

Answer 7

first consul (Napoleon) shared power with 2 others for 10 years
council of state: chosen by first consul, acted as advisers
senate: 80 members nominated by first consul,.
legislative body: upper chamber, 300 members, voted for legislation but did not discuss it
tribunate, 100, discussed legislation but did not vote
6000 notables, from 60000 citizens, from 600000…
- Napoleon held immense power, despite sieyes attempt to overthrow.

Question 8

liberals?

Answer 8

madame de stael and group run salon discussing liberal government banished 64km from Paris in 1803

Question 9

reconciliation?

Answer 9

offered a general amnesty to rebels in west if played down arms and supported regime.
protection of catholic religion and invited back previous emigres
biens nationaux would be protected.

Question 10

amalgame and raillement

Answer 10

amalgame- ending social division
raillement-rallying all

Question 11

senate for life?

Answer 11

1802, Napoleon offered senate for life, and right to name an heir. = constitution of year x

Question 12

emperor?

Answer 12

1804, given title of emperor, for house of boneparte. 47.2% turnout.
consecrated at notre dam cathedral, 2 December 1804.

Question 13

Infernal machine?

Answer 13

24 December 1799, wagon full of gunpowder and shrapnel went of as napoleons coach went past.
killed 52 including Hortense Beauharnais, wrongly blamed Jacobins when it was actually by royalists.

Question 14

The plebiscite of 1800?

Answer 14

appeal to French people to consolidate his power and justifying coup of Brumaire.
very few turned out- 25% approx 1.5 million
changed to 46.26% by Lucien(minster of interior) with 99.94% voting yes.

Question 15

repression of Jacobins?

Answer 15

wrongly blamed for infernal machine, 129 leaders arrested and deported.

Question 16

repression of royalists?

Answer 16

told comt de Provence “you should not return to france”
in Brittany, 6000 chouan prisoners taken and 750 shot.

Question 17

duc d enghein?

Answer 17

guilty of receiving funds from Britain and bearing arms against france, shot by firing squad and left in a ditch.

Question 18

legion of honour?

Answer 18

1802- Napoleon established for military and civil loyalty - 32000, 1500 went to cilvilians

Question 19

establishment of napoleonic nobility?

Answer 19

gave titles of night of the empire, heretible for 3 generations
59% from military, rest to civil servants, notables.
22.5% previously nobles from ancien regime.
1/7 of size of nobility and a meritocracy

Question 20

attitude to women?

Answer 20

civil code of 1804, women marginal control over property when married, allowed to possess ‘immovable goods’
divorce laws highly unfair.

Question 21

education?

Answer 21

-may 1802: an ecole populaire (state primary) run by local municipalities
-lycees provide secondary schooling for boys 10-16. 45.
=run like a military 6400 places, 2400 went to sons of soldiers.
-march 1808, imperial nobility, supervisory to look over all.

Question 22

newspapers?

Answer 22

Jan 1800, Parisian newspapers reduced from 73-13, by 1801 down to 4.
=all highly scrutinised, from 1809 only allowed to discuss official news and military bulletins.

Question 23

censorship?

Answer 23

-printing houses reduced from, 200-60
-police could search book shops, impose fines of 2000 francs
-1810, censorship board to approve all books
-offical reports on all plays…

Question 24

Propganda?

Answer 24

Napoleon wanted to be portrayed as a man bringing order to chaos
-The imperial eagle, symbol of napoleon’s grande army
-rebuilding public works in Paris

Question 25

concordat?

Answer 25

-15 July 1801 -Pope recognised as head of the -Catholic Church -pope recognised new regime in france -bishops and clergy appointed by first consul

Question 26

organic articles?

Answer 26

followed the concordat, issued without knowledge of the pope, government approval required for papal legates to enter France also promised religious toleration to 700000 protestants and 40000 jews. protestant minsters treated the same as jews.

Question 27

prefects?

Answer 27

appointed by first consul, to maintain order and law in the departments (102)

Question 28

gendarmerie?

Answer 28

elite and official police force of 175cm+=68.898 in everyday law enforcement as well as putting down rebellion and disorder.

Question 29

administrative police?

Answer 29

could not arrest, but had good connections and communications with ministry general of police Joseph fouche.

Question 30

magistrates?

Answer 30

only people under the new constitution , phased out gradually.

Question 31

civil code of france?

Answer 31

1804, , standardised customary laws in the north and roman laws in the south, renamed code Napoleon 1807. confirmed: - abolition of feudalism - secularisation of state- equal before law- legal rights of biens natiouneux- forbade unions - =controverisally reinstated male rights, required permission to Marry, female inheritance restricted =PARTAGE- 75% of inheritance to be equally dispersed between offspring

Question 32

more codes?

Answer 32

1806- standardised court practise 1807-guidelines for trade and business 1808- maintained practise of jury, no arrest without trial 1810- penal code, guidelines for punsihemtns established

Question 33

continental system?

Answer 33

established 1806/7 banned all French trade with Britain. aimed to damage Britain through closure of European trade market. French navy failed to fully enforce this. Britains trade elsewhere made up for the shortfall...

Question 34

improving economy?

Answer 34

minster of interior Chapital brought in to stabilise the economy. -bureau of statistics -society of encouragement -establishemtn of councils of agriculture, arts and commerce -increased mechanical and technical innovation wool increased by 400% silk from 26mil to 64mil.

Question 35

agriculture?

Answer 35

largest sector in france, encouraged growth of replacement group. banned import of sugar cane 1813

Question 36

pope?

Answer 36

Napoleons occupation of Rome and Papal States in 1808 saw him excommunicated, moved to Grenoble and then savona. would return to Rome 1814.

Question 37

great Saint Bernard pass?

Answer 37

Napoleons surprise attack of 50000 troops through the alps into Italy on the Austrians, despite being outnumbered,arrival of reserve troops allowed for French victory

Question 38

In nov, sent another army to Austria, victorious at hoohenlinden and Austria forced to sign treaty of luneville in 1801 =left only Britain at war which was led

Answer 38

In nov, sent another army to Austria, victorious at hoohenlinden and Austria forced to sign treaty of luneville in 1801 =left only Britain at war which was led to peace of amiens.

Question 39

Peace of Amiens?

Answer 39

peace did not last, neither side gave up territorys, and Britain declared war in may 1803, as Napoleon planned invasion. British naval skills shows at battle of trafalgar 1805, defeated joint Franco-spanish fleet.

Question 40

Third coalition?

Answer 40

-October 1805, Napoleon surrounded and defeated Austrians at ulm on the river Danube, capturing 50000+ troops with minimal losses -December,crushing defeat of Austro-russian 90000 vs French 68000 at Austerlitz. -July 1806, created confederation of the Rhine,angerered Prussians who got involved -Prussians defeated at Jena and auerstaat, n entered berlin.

Question 41

Treaty of Tilsit?

Answer 41

July 1807, France created grand duchy of Warsaw, Russia joined continental system

Question 42

satelight states?

Answer 42

Pays reunis= france pays conquis= ruled by france pays allies= allies = authority was highly centralised and enforced by the gendarmerie -kingdom of Westphalia and Italy abolished feudalism, and enforced code Napoleon less success for Joseph in naples and Spain Louis too idependant in holland, forced to abdicate 1810 =all major decision reverted to Napoleon.

Question 43

economic policy?

Answer 43

French first- taxes enforced to gain maximum revenue. States under direct French control enjoyed privileged treatment and satelight states forced to supply raw materials and not challenge French industry.

Question 44

social policy?

Answer 44

introduced enlightened principles, however also forced military conscription, main rewards of regime went to established bourgeoisie.

Question 45

continental blockade?

Answer 45

Nov 1806, Berlin decree- forbade trade with British goods and its overseas possessions Nov 1807, Orders in council, reciprocal terms on any country in the blockade, would search all ships going to French ports. Dec 1807, Milan decree, allowed neutral ships to be captured from British ports.

Question 46

Context to peninsular war?

Answer 46

Napoleon Bonaparte, seeking to enforce his Continental System against Britain, invaded Portugal through Spain in 1807. Napoleon then turned on Spain, placing his brother Joseph on the throne, sparking widespread resistance and guerrilla warfare.

Question 47

key events in peninsula war?

Answer 47

-rebel groups e.g Juntas formed -army of Andalusia pushed back 22000 French troops out of Spain -british sent Arthur Wellesley, in support of Spain, defeated france at vimero in Portugal -Nov 1808, N placed himself in control of Spain, 4 dec entered madrid with 80000 troops. -N forced to leave in 1809 due to Austrians. -despite 1/4 troops, france never succeeded and knows as Spanish ulcer.

Question 48

causes of Russian campaign?

Answer 48

31 Dec 1810, Alexander broke napoleons trade embargo, put tariffs on French goods and allowed trade with Britain. Also allied with Bernadotte, of Sweden, with promise of Norway. Napoleons marriage to marie-louise.

Question 49

Russian campaign?

Answer 49

June 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia, faced with tactic of withdrawal and scorched earth policy. France win battle of Borodino, losses of 28000 and Russian 40000 however, Russian army not broken. As the French occupied the city, the Russian winter began, and the Tsar's refusal to negotiate a peace forced Napoleon to retreat from Moscow, less than a month after his occupation of the city began. Despite the retreat, the Russian winter still decimated the Grande Armee, so badly that only 10,000 of the original army returned from Russia

Question 50

Austria returns to war?

Answer 50

re entered feb 1809, undergone reforms since Austerlitz. -Napoleon defeats Austrians at Eckmuhl, 12000 a deaths, 6000 f. - at essaying French lost 20000 and forced to retreat to an island on the Danube -escaped, leading to battle of Wagram, packed battlefield of 300000+, use of Austrian tactics, Napoleon won at the cost of 34000 men. -resulted in treaty of Schonbrunn, 14 October 1809, costing 83000 sk of land and 1/6 of population.

Question 51

war of 6 coalition?

Answer 51

Napoleon managed to create a new army of 250000 3 months after Russian campaign. battle of Leipzig, known as battle of nations, outnumbered 3:2, after a few days forced to retreat across Germany. -refused generous peace deal which would allow him to have kept Frances natural borders. -only had 60000 typhus ridden soldiers, Britain pushed in from Toulouse. -treaty of Chaumont march 1814, agreed to preserve coalition until Napoleon defeated -30 march 1814, allies entered Paris, treaty of fontainblue, Napoleon expelled to island of Elba, pension of 200000.

Question 52

First peace of Paris?

Answer 52

1814, senate invited Louis xviii to take the throne, if he accepted charter of 74 articles, including a constitution, 2 chamber system, protection of biens nationeux, borders returned to that of 1792.

Question 53

The Hundred days?

Answer 53

Napoleon had escaped Elba, and landed in cannes on 1st march. able to win support easily as highly persuasive. raised an army of 300000 to face northern frontier, relied on enemies not being able to cooperate. 16 June, defeated Prussians at lingy, attacked british the same day Wellinton held good position at Waterloo, return of 81000 Prussians saw the destruction of france. 22 June, abdicated, 15 July surrendered to british and exiled to st Helena 5000 miles away.

Question 54

Second peace of Paris?

Answer 54

-congress of Vienna hastily reconvened, French frontiers reduced to 1790, to pay 700 million, return all looted art works, to be occupied by wellington for 5 years wanted to contain france through buffer states