Final Text

Question 1

Laws of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

First: energy cannot be created or destroyed
second: with every energy transfer, some useful energy is lost-entropy increases

Question 2

Energy exists in two forms

Answer 2

kinetic and Potential

Question 3

If a reaction results in loss of potential energy it is ______ or _______

Answer 3

spontaneous of exergonic(many but not all expend heat:exothermic)

Question 4

_______ reactions require an energy input to proceed

Answer 4

endergonic(many but not all absorb heat:endotherm)

Question 5

entropy

Answer 5

form of energy that is incapable of doing further work

ex: burning wood

Question 6

the higher the difference of CO2 content entering and leaving a chamber, the higher an estimate of ____

Answer 6

NPP

Question 7

residence time

Answer 7

the mean time that energy persists in a trophic level

Question 8

______(Mineral) strongly affects lake productivity

Answer 8

phosphorous

Question 9

autochthonous carbon production

Answer 9

produced from within

• from photosynthesis
• dominate in large lakes

Question 10

allochthonous carbon production

Answer 10

originates outside system

-more apparent in small water bodies

Question 11

two general types of biogeochemical cycles

Answer 11

1. Gaseous(Nitrogen and oxygen)-main pools are oceans and atmos
2. Sedimentary(phosphorous)-major pool in the lithosphere: soil, rocks, and minerals

Question 12

Sedimentary cycles

Answer 12

all have rock phase and a salt solution phase

Question 13

_____ is a hybrid of gaseous and sedimentary cycles

Answer 13

sulphur-major pools in earths crust and atmosphere

Question 14

All cycles share three aspects

Answer 14

inputs, internal cycling,outputs

Question 15

dryfall

Answer 15

nutrients carried by airborne particles and aeosols

Question 16

precipitation also washes in large ammounts of nutrients: this is called

Answer 16

wetfall

Question 17

Throughfall

Answer 17

rain dripping through canopy

Question 18

stemflow

Answer 18

rain runs down stems and picks up nutrients deposited as dust on leaves
=richer in Ca, Sodium(NA), potassium(K)

Question 19

pyromineralization

Answer 19

ash from fire is mineralized in soil

Question 20

Net ecosystem productivity

Answer 20

is the difference between the rates of C uptake in photosynthesis and the C loss in respiration of both autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 21

Largest source of Carbon is

Answer 21

CO2 in the air or water

Question 22

Global Carbon cycle

Answer 22

is usually considered gaseous, its large reservoirs in all spheres make it(like sulphur) a hybrid cycle

• Earth contains 100 Million Gigatonnes of Carbon
• Active C pool is an estimated 55000 GT
• stuck in sedimentation = 10,000 GT
• Oceans-Air interaction is a major site for C exchange
• ocean sedimentation holds 38,000 GT

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

transfer nutrients from water to air and so forth

Question 24

_____is the biggest CO2 sink

Answer 24

Ocean

Question 25

warming temperatures could turn C sinks into _____

Answer 25

sources ex:tundra

Question 26

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 26

-available in two inorganic forms: Nitrate and Ammonium .1st route: Enters ecosystem through atmospheric deposition(wetfall or dryfall) .2nd route: nitrogen fixation-

Question 27

Atmos is almost __% nitrogen

Answer 27

80

Question 28

Biological fixation

Answer 28

is performed by symbiotic bacteria living in mutualistic association with plants, as well as by some lichens, free-living bacteria, and cyanobacteria. High energy needed is attained by photosynthetic partner.

Question 29

_____ bacteria are known as major N fixers

Answer 29

rhizobium

Question 30

volatilization

Answer 30

NH3(Ammonia) in alkaline or neutral soils where there is less H return to atmosphere

Question 31

ammonification

Answer 31

NH3 is released in microbrial decomposition

Question 32

In Nitrogen cycle the largest pool is

Answer 32

atmosphere

Question 33

dentrification

Answer 33

Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction (performed by a large group of heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria) that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products

Question 34

chemical fertilizers strongly affect _____ cycle

Answer 34

nitrogen

Question 35

Phosphorous Cycle

Answer 35

- a truly sedimentary cycle - only occurs in minute ammounts in atmos - P is lost via water and is not returned - Not much P around so if it is released huge growth spurts occur - occurs a lot in lakes that receive P-rich wastes - main pools are phosphate deposits and apatite rock - major process regulating P supply to plants is internal cycling from organic to inorganic forms

Question 36

Not much ___ around so if it is released huge growth spurts occur a lot in fresh lakes that receive __-rich wastees

Answer 36

P

Question 37

Main pools of P are _____ rock and phosphate deposits

Answer 37

apatite

Question 38

3 states of P in aaquatic system cycle

Answer 38

1. particulate 2. disolved organically bound phosphates 3. inorganic phosphate

Question 39

mUCH OF P is locked in ______ and bottom sediments

Answer 39

hypolimnion

Question 40

Most P is held in _____,____,and _____ in that order

Answer 40

soils,ocean,mineable rock

Question 41

Global P cycle _____ significant atmospheric pool

Answer 41

has no

Question 42

Sulphur Cycle

Answer 42

- hybrid - long term sedimentary cycle, short term gaseous in global circulation - enters atmosphere through anthropogenic and natual sources: release through decomp, volcanoes, ocean surface - Enters atmos as hydrogen sulphide - Most enters system through human extraction, mining

Question 43

Sulphur enters atmos as _________ and leaves as ______ in the form of acid precipitation

Answer 43

hydrogen sulphide | sulphur dioxide

Question 44

______ is often found overlying coal deposits

Answer 44

sulphur

Question 45

Oxygen Cycle

Answer 45

-has a gaseous cycle, atmos is major pool | -