Finals Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is Microbiology?
A
The study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye.
2
Q
What are microorganisms?
A
*Bacteria
*Viruses
*Fungi
*Protozoa
*Helminths
*Algae
3
Q
Microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and are membrane-bound organelles are ________
A
Prokaryotes
4
Q
Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are
A
Eukaryotes
5
Q
Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both) and protein, and are considered non-living are ______
A
Viruses
6
Q
Single celled prokaryotes with a peptidoglycan cell wall that divide by binary fission and derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis are _______
A
Bacteria
7
Q
Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall but have pseudomurein, that often live in extreme environments are _______
A
Archaea
8
Q
Acellular that consist of a DNA or RNA (never both) core that is surrounded by a protein coat, a coat that may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, and can only replicate when they are in a living host cell and are otherwise inert are ________
A
Viruses
9
Q
Eukaryotes that have a distinct nucleus and chitin cell walls, and absorb organic chemicals for energy with unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds and mushrooms are ______
A
Fungi
10
Q
Eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals and may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella that are either free living or parasitic are _______
A
Protozoa
11
Q
Eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls that are found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil that use photosynthesis for energy and produce oxygen and carbohydrates are ________
A
Algae
12
Q
Eukaryotes that are multicellular animals that are not strictly microorganisms are ______
A
Helminths
13
Q
Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material
A
Photosynthesis
14
Q
Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds
A
Decomposition
15
Q
Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms
A
Biotechnology
16
Q
Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
A
Genetic engineering
17
Q
Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem
A
Bioremediation
18
Q
What lives on or in the body of an organism that damages the host?
A
Parasites
19
Q
Microbes that do harm are called?
A
Pathogens
20
Q
An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matters is ______ and was disproved by ______
A
Spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
21
Q
What is the idea that living things can only arise form other living things?
A
Theory of biogenesis
22
Q
Who was the Dutch linen merchant who was the first to observe living microbes by creating a single-lens magnified up to 300x
A
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
23
Q
Who demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of microbes
A
John Tyndall and Ferdinard Cohn
24
Q
What requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses?
A
Sterility
25
Who observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections that those who gave birth in hospitals?
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
26
Who correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward?
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
27
Who introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections
Joseph Lister
28
Who were the two major contributors of the Germ theory of disease?
Louis pasteur and Robert Koch
29
The theory that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. is called __________
The Germ Theory of Disease
30
Who was the scientist that showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage, disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease?
Louis Pasteur
31
A sequence of experimentation steps that verified the germ theory?
Koch's postulates
32
Who identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera and developed pure culture methods?
Robert Koch
33
The organizing, classifying, and naming of living things?
Taxonomy
34
What is the levels of classification?
*Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, and UEukarya
Kingdom
Phylum (or division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Strain
35
The ____ is capitalized, and _____ is lowercase (both are italicized or underlined)
Genus, species
36
The three domains of life are _______
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
37
What are the odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.
Archaea
38
What domain has a nucleus and organelle?
Eukarya
39
A population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types are ______
Pure Culture
40
The ability to enlarge objects?
Magnification
41
Smallest separation at which two separate objects can be distinguished (or rsesolved); ability to show detail (0.2µm)
Resolving power
42
_________ of the final image is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses (and what is the formula)
Total magnification
Objective power x ocular power = total magnification
43
What is the most widely used microscope that is used for live and preserved stained specimens?
Bright-Field
44
What is the microscope that brightly illuminates specimens?
Dark-Field
45
A modified microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter that uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays?
Fluorescence microscope
46
What microscope provides detailed three-dimensional view
Scanning electron microscopes
47
What allows examination of characteristics of live cells?
Wet Mounts and hanging drop mounts?
48
______ are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts.
Fixed mounts
49
A thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide is _____
A smear
50
______ is the coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
Staining
51
_____ are cationic, positively charged chromophores
Basic Dyes
52
Surfaces of microbes that are negatively charged and attract basic dyes are called ______
Positive Staining
53
______ are anionic, negatively charged chromophore
Acidic dyes
54
______ are microbes that repels dye, then the dyes stain the background
Negative Staining
55
Use of a single basic dye is
Simple Stains
56
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative
Gram-Stain
57
Stained waxy cell walls is not decolorized by acid-alcohol
Acid-fast stain
58
What consists of one species?
Colony
59
What is chemical composition that is chemically defined?
Synthetic
60
What does not solidify?
Liquid Broth
61
What is the most commonly used solidifying agent?
Agar (Nutrient agar is what we use in lab)
62
Liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone
Nutrient broth
63
Solid media containing beef extract, peptone, and agar
Nutrient Agar
64
Whaat media contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definalbe?
Complex
65
What media contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes
Enriched media
66
What allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
Differential media
67
What are the two basic cell types?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
68
What are the Eukaryotic cells?
Algae, Fungi, helminth, protozoa
69
What are the prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
70
What appendage is used for motility?
Flagella and axial filaments
71
What appendage is used for attachment?
Fimbriae
72
What appendage is used for conjugation/exchanging of nucleic acid?
Pili
73
What is the surface coating of a cell?
Glycocalyx
74
What is the small bunches emerging from the same site?
Lophotrichous
75
What is the single flagellum at one end?
Monotrichous
76
What flagella is at both ends of the cell?
Amphitrichous
77
What flagella is dispersed over surface of cell?
Peritrichous
78
What is the function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer?
Conjugation
79
A ______ is a loosely organized and attached type of cell wall?
Slime layer
80
A ________ is a highly organized and tightly attached type of cell wall?
Capsule
81
A thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane is called?
Gram-positive bacteria
82
An outer cell membrane with a thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane
Gram-negative bacteria
83
Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments is called?
Peptidoglycan
84
N-acetylglucosamine is abbreviated as
NAG
85
N-acetylmuramic acid is abbreviated as
NAM
86
Gram positive cell walls include _______ acid and _______ acid
Teichoic and lipoteichoic
87
what does the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contain
lipopolysaccharides (lps)
88
What retains cystal violet and stains purple?
Gram-Positive
89
What loses the crystal violet and stain pink from safranin counterstain?
Gram negative
90
A single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell?
Chromosome
91
Free small circular, double-stranded DNA that are not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism?
Plasmids
92
What are found in all cells and are the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
93
What is the formation of endospores?
Sporulation
94
What is the return to vegetative growth?
Germination
95
What is the general size of viruses?
Ultramicroscopic - most <0.2 μm; require electron microscope
96
_______ are the most abundant microbes on earth
viruses
97
What are obligate intracellular parasites?
Viruses
98
All viruses have _____, a protein coat that encloses and protect their nucleic acid
Capsids
99
The Capsid together with the nucleic acid is the ________
nucleocapsid
100
Some viruses have an external covering called an ______, but those that don't have one are _______
Envelope, naked
101
Each capsid is made of identical protein subunits called ______
Capsomers
102
A continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid is called
Helical
103
A three-dimensional, symmetrical polygon with 20 sides and 12 evenly spaced corners is called
Icosahedral
104
An atypical virus that lacksd a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins
Poxviruses
105
this aytpical virus have a polyhedral nucleocapsid along with a helical tail and attachment fibers
Bacteriophages
106
The viral genome is
Either DNA OR RNA, never BOTH
107
DNA viruses are usually _____ stranded, and can be _____ or _____
Double stranded, circular or linear
108
RNA viruses are usually ________
Single stranded
109
What synthesizes DNA or RNA
Polymerases
110
What copies DNA?
Replicases
111
What synthesizes of DNA from RNA, typically found in HIV virus?
Reverse transcriptase
112
When a nucleocapsid binds to membrane which pinches off and sheds the enveloped viruses gradually, not immediately destroying the cell, is called _____
Exocytosis
113
happens in nonenveloped and complex, viruses released when cell dies or ruptures, is called
Lysis
114
Cultured cell support viral replication and permit observation of cytopahtic effects
Cell Tissue cultures
115
Misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid are called
Prions
116
Basic requirements for life (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, magnesium)
Bio elements
117
Substance (element or compound) an organism must get from a source outside it cells
Essential nutrients
118
Required in large quantities, play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism (Proteins, carbohydrates)
Macronutrients
119
Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the product of living things
Organic nutrients
120
Atom of molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic nutrients
121
What are the 6 elements that composes 96% of a cell?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen
122
A ______ Must obtain carbon in an organic forum such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids made by other living organisms?
Heterotroph
123
An organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas, as its carbon source
Autotroph
124
Gains energy from chemical compounds?
Chemotroph
125
Gain energy through photosynthesis
Phototrophs
126
Free living microorganisms that feed an organic detritus from dead organisms
Saprobes
127
Derive nutrients from Host
Parasites
128
Does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration
Passive Transport
129
Requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent
Active transport
130
Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. Wall usually prevents cell from bursting. What is this called?
Hypotonic solution
131
Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall in a process known as plasmolysis. What is this called?
Hypertonic solution
132
Bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome
Endocytosis
133
Ingests substances or cells
Phagocytosiss
134
Ingests fluids or/or dissolved substances
Pinocytosis
135
A totality of adaptations organisms makes to their habitat is called _____
Niche
136
Optimum temperature below 15C, capable of growth at 0C
Psychrophiles
137
Optimum temperature 20-40C, most human pathogens
Mesophiles
138
Optimum temperature greater than 45C
Thermophiles
139
Does not utilize oxygen
Anaerobe
140
Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment
Obligate anaerobe
141
Do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
Aerotolerant anaerobes
142
Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it
Aerobe
143
Cannot grow without oxygen
Obligate aerobe
144
Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence
Facultative anerobe
145
Requires only a small amount of oxygen
Microaerophile
146
Majority of microorganisms that grow at a pH between 6 and 8 is called?
Neutrophiles
147
Grow at extreme acid pH
Acidophiles
148
Grow at extreme alkaline pH
Alkalnoiphiles
149
Requires a high concentration of salt (halophile)
Osmophilic
150
Do not require high concentration of solute
Osmotolerant
151
Obligatory, dependent; both members benefits
Mutualism
152
The commensal benefits; other member not harmed
Commensalism
153
Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed
Parasitism
154
Members cooperate and share nutrients (a dung beetle pushing a ball of poop)
Syntrophy
155
Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
Amensalism
156
