Election of 1800
Jefferson (rep) defeated John Adams (federalist) in electoral votes but Aaron Burr tied w Jefferson but then Alexander Hamilton persuaded feds to let jefferson win
Lousiana Purchase
France gave Spain territoy but spain gave it back (US scared it’s force us into alliance w Britain)
Jeff. Sent J. Monroe to france for New orleans and western FL but received all of it for $15M bc france failed to gain Haiti and US doubled
Who won the 1800 election
Thomas jefferson (dem. REPUBLICAN)
Embargo of 1807
Britain fighting France
France excluded Britain from european trade, Britain blockaded ports (seized american ships, impressment, chesapeake incident) but embargo hurt america more than britain so they lifted ban on foreign trade except britain and france
Causes if the war of 1812
British impressment of US sailors
Major British interference with US shipping
British aid to native Americans fighting US in northwestern terr
Warhawks in Congress desire more land in Canada
War of 1812
After battles, both tired of fighting, sign Treaty of Ghent (christmas eve 1814) in belgium to end it
After war, andrew jackson defeats britain in new orleans and america thinks they won
War of 1812 outcomes
1815 Commercial Treaty to restart trade between two
1817 Rush Bagot agreement limits number of warships on Great Lakes
1818 a joint British-US Commision sets border between Lou. Terr. And canada (49th parallel)
1818 joint occupation of oregon territory for 10 years
Marbury vs Madison
William Marbury was midnight judge who sued J Madison who didnt deliver papers
- chief Justice John Marshall (federalist) declared Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
- gave feds power of judicial review (determining constitutionality of laws)
Industrial Revolution
Machines replaced hand tools
Factory system made mass production
-interchangeable parts (parts that are alike)
Town of Lowell had weaving factory, mechanizing all stages of cloth
What caused america to turn in direction of domestic industries
Jefferson embargo Act of 1807 and the war of 1812
South during industrial rev
Didnt want to industrialize
Huge profits from cotton
Cotton gin
Invented by eli whitney(1783) helped south make easier cotton, more slaves put to work
Northwestern economy in early 1800s
Dominated by grain and livestock production for markets
American system
By president James Madison in 1815, promoted by House Speaker henry clay
- building transportation network of roads/canals to speed movement of goods/people
- high tariffs on imported manufactured goods to encourage people to buy American goods and help pay for roads
- create national bank
Purpose of the american system
Unify nation by making 3 regions interdependent
Make US economically independent from Britain
Tariff of 1816 and Second Bank of US 1816
People in south and west didnt support as much
Election of 1816/ Era of Good feelings
James Monroe of VA won
Took tour in new england recieved a warm welcome
Significant that republican welcomed in federalist area impressed nation (era of good feelings
Mulloch vs Maryland
Maryland levied tax on bank of the US, hoping to make it fail
John Marshall denied right of maryland to tax bank
Put national gov over state gov
Nationalism
Belief that national interests should be put above regional concerns or interests of other countries
Monroe Doctrine
President madison warned all outside powers not to interfere w Western Hemisphere and the US wouldnt get involved in european affairs
What caused the monroe doctrine
Europe wanted to reclaim land in latin america and russia was establishing ports in CA; posed threat to trade w china
Missouri Compromise
North and south fought for power in senate
Maine admitted as free state and Missouri as slave
South of line was proslavery and north was antislavery
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson won by popular vote not electoral votes so House had to decide, Henry disliked Jackson so he swung the win to john quincy adams
Jacksonians left republican party to form the democratic republican party
Andrew jacksons presidency
States eased voting requirements
Voting tripled
Won by landslide
Spoils system
Incoming officials replaced former employees with friends and family; but were inexperienced
Indian removal act
Forced native americans to move west
Cherokee tried help from legal system but john marshall refused bc they were a legitimate nation/state
Worcester vs Georgia
John marshall ruled georgia not entitled to force them out but jackson refused to enforce it
Trail of tears
President martin van burren called us army to force native americans into west, on journey many died and were buried on tear of trails
Tariff of 1832
Congress passed tariff that s carolina thought was unconstitutional, they threatened to succeed
Jackson was angry that they disregarded the will of the people as said in const.
How was s carolinas threat to succeed avoided
Henry clay proposed tariff bill that’d gradually lower tax over 10 year period
Jackson and the Bank of US
In 1832, vetoed bill to recharter bank bc it had unfair adv over other banks
- favored upperclass/congressmen not average citizens
- gov funds were put in pet banks and BUS died
Whig Party
Against jackson
William Henry Harrison won presidency but died so John Tyler took over, he opposed Whigs😂
Panic of 1837
Bank closings
1/3 unemployed
Second great awakening
Charles gardison finney opposed belief of predetermined salvation
- revivals took place
- churches started including blacks too
Transcendentalism
Led by ralph Emerson- movement that emphasized simple life and nature/emotions
Thoreau lived out and urged civil disobedience (peaceful resistance)
Unitarianism
Emphasized reason/appeals to conscience
Dorothea Dix
Visited jail that housed mentally ill people; persuaded 9 states to build hospitals for them
Education 1830s
Americans demandes tax paid schools
Taxpayers opposes since theyre kids went to private schools and germans didnt want their kids forgetting language
Horace Mann
Established teacher training programs and institutes curriculum reforms
William Llyod Garrison
Most radical white abolitionist
Had “the liberator” to express immediate emancipation
David walker
An appeal to the colored people of the world
-wanted to act for abolition not wait
Cotton Impact on southern cities
White workers left to farm and slaves were in demand as city workers
Whites reaction to revolts
Believed education/privilege inspired revolt so they tightened controls (slave codes) denied right to vote, own land, etc
Temperance movement
Effort to prohibit alcohol
Seneca falls, NY
Elizabeth stanton and lucretia mott held womens rights convention
-declaration of sentiments
Sojourner truth
Traveled, preaching
Market revolution
People bought and sold goods instead of making them for themselves
Goods/services multiplied, incomes rose
Impact of transportation
Shipped goods to markets
Steamboat went UP rivers not just down
Manifest destiny
Belief that God wanted US to expand to pacific ocean and mexican terr
Mormons/Mormon trail
Moved weat; reached great salt lakes
-irrigated fields and farmed
TX tension
Anglos were english speaking Protestants
-brought slavery
Mexico put tax on importation of american goods
Stephen Austin & war w texas
Sold land grants
Wanted self gov for TX
Texans drove santa anas army from Alamo but santa ana went back and destroyed it and won at Goliad
Led by sam houston tx won at Battle of san jac.
Treaty of velasco
Gave INDEPENDENCE to TX
What did polk Believe the war with Mexico would bring
TX new mex n CA
Mexican war
Polk sent zach taylor to blockade rio grande and fremont went thru CA
Treaty if guadaloupe ended it;us paid $15M forCalifornia, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming
Wilmot proviso
Prohibited slavery in lands gained from Mexico
Territory probs after war
CA statehood
- abolition slavery in district of colombia
- enforce fugitive slave act
- slavery in new terr
Comp of 1850
CA comes in as free Utah and new mex decide on slavery Sale of slavery banned in capital Fugitive slave act TX paid $10 by fed gov to surrenser New mex claim
Kansas-nebraska act
divide the area into two territories: Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south
- repeal the Missouri Compromise
- establish popular sovereignty for both territories.
Bleeding kansas
Missouri ruffians illegally stuffed ballots
Antislavery settlers in Lawrence but army burns down
-john browns Pottawatomie massacre
Nativism
the favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants
Parties in 1850s
American party (know nothings) anti immigrant/catholic
Republican party anti slavery, anti immigrant/catholic
Demo. Wanted to limit national gov
Expansion of slavery
Free soil party- against slavery expansion, objected to slavery takin whites jobs
Dred scott case
Slave was taken north for four years, and went back to missouri where owner died
-court rules slaves didnt have rights
MI comp is unconstitutional
-couldnt ban slavery anywhere
Scalawags
Insulting name confeds called southerners who joined rep party
Carpetbagger
Insult name confeds gave northerners who came to south after civil war
Freedmen
Freed african a and former slaves
Johnsons reconstruction plan
Goal: restore union and allow old confed leaders to return to power
South resistance to johnsons plan
Black codes passed
KKK and other white groups organize
Race riots
The end of reconstruction
The backdrop- in north, railroad/industrial expansion
In south- bussiness pressured republicans to give up reconst. To promote capital investment and dev in south
Election if 1876
Samuel tilden (dem) won pop vote over rutherford hayes (rep) but no electoral votes, votes sent bCK but were illegal since white dem violence keot reps from voting, congress commity(rep) gave all votes to Hayes
Compromise of 1877
Gov invest millions in south for railroads and shipping and union troops would leave south
Lincolns recons plan and criticism
Unify nation
End slavery
Radical repubs in confress wanted to punish south; disliked