FINALS CHAPTER 14: RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards
(26 cards)
How is DNA different from RNA? (3)
5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose
Double-stranded double-helix shape
Has nitrogenous base thymine (T)
How is RNA different from DNA? (3)
5-carbon sugar = ribose
Single strand
Has nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
How are DNA and RNA similar? (2)
Both are composed of nucleotide monomers
Have the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
What does mRNA do?
Leaves the nucleus with messages from the DNA to be turned into the necessary proteins
What does rRNA do?
Reads the mRNA and carries out protein synthesis
What does tRNA do?
Carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the mRNA to make proteins
What is a codon?
Groups of 3 nucleotide bases in the mRNA that make the genetic code
What is an anticodon?
The 3 nucleotides on tRNA that complement the mRNA codon
What is the start codon?
AUG (methionine)
How do you make mRNA from a template DNA strand?
Through the process of transcription
How do you transcribe DNA into RNA? (3)
- A segment of DNA is opened so that it is ready to be read by the DNA polymerase
- DNA polymerase attaches to DNA segment and reads, creating the complementary mRNA strand as it goes
- Completed mRNA leaves the nucleus to be read and turned into a protein
How do you translate mRNA into a protein? (4)
- mRNA enters the rRNA to begin translation
- tRNA brings in the amino acid that the mRNA is reading for
- The anticodon begins to form
- rRNA and tRNA will continue down the mRNA until they reach a stop codon
What does translating mRNA form? Define it
The polypeptide chain (chain of amino acids)
What do the polypeptide chains formed in translation help to make?
Proteins
What are the two types of mutations?
Point mutations and frameshift mutations
What are point mutations also called?
Substitution
How can you determine if a mutation is a point mutation?
It only affects 1 nucleotide and 1 codon
How can you determine if a mutation is a frameshift mutation?
It shifts the reading frame of the codon due to the addition/deletion of a nucleotide, causing it to affect any codons that come after the affected nucleotide
What are the three types of point mutations?
Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that doesn’t affect the amino acid or the protein being formed
What is a missense mutation?
A mutation that affects one of the amino acids and changes the type of protein formed
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that stops protein formation early by changing one amino acid to a stop codon
What are the two types of frameshift mutation?
Addition and deletion
