Finals: G1 - Reading and Speech perception

Question 1

It involves perception, language, memory, thinking, and intelligence.
You have to recognize the letters, put them together to form words that have meaning, keep their meaning in memory until you have finished reading the sentence or even paragraph, and think about what message the writer tried to communicate to you.

Answer 1

READING

Question 2

4 methods design to study reading

Answer 2

1. Lexical decision task
2. Naming task
3. Priming task
4. Monitoring brain activity

Question 3

Deciding whether a string of letters forms a word.

Answer 3

Lexical decision task

Question 4

saying a word out loud as rapidly as possible. It is not clear precisely what processes are reflected in these tasks.
An individual is required to name an object from its picture or its description or simply to produce names from a certain category (e.g., birds). These are used to assess language impairments and difficulties recalling general knowledge from semantic memory.

Answer 4

Naming task (

Question 5

Prime word is present shortly before the target word. The prime is related to the target word (e.g. in spelling, meaning or sound).

Answer 5

Priming task

Question 6

spelling

Answer 6

Orthography

Question 7

sounds

Answer 7

Phonology

Question 8

meaning

Answer 8

Semantics

Question 9

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

Answer 9

Syntax

Question 10

extensive cognitive processing

Answer 10

Higher-level discourse integration

Question 11

• the ability to manipulate and analyze the sounds of language (called phonemes).
• a key skill in learning to read and write, as it allows us to break down words into their individual sounds and then blend those sounds back together to form new words.

Answer 11

Phonological Processing

Question 12

• words that sound the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling.
• e.g “flower” and “flour”
• Van Orden (1987) found that participants made more errors on questions involving homophones, demonstrating that they engaged in phonological processing of words.

Answer 12

Homophones

Question 13

Participants heard a sentence in which a small portion had been removed and replaced with a meaningless sound.

Answer 13

phonemic restoration effect

Question 14

oral vs. nasal vs. fricative, involving a partial blockage of the airstream

Answer 14

Manner of production

Question 15

the larynx vibrates for a voiced but not for a voiceless phoneme.

Answer 15

Voicing

Question 16

• Spoken speech contains prosodic cues in the form of stress, intonation, and so on.
• This information can be used by the listener to work out the syntactic or grammatical structure of each sentence.

Answer 16

Prosodic Patterns

Question 17

• Many people (especially those who have difficulties in hearing) are aware that they use lip-reading to understand speech.

Answer 17

Lip-reading

Question 18

is when a word is recognized or identified more rapidly if immediately preceded by a semantically related word.

Answer 18

Semantic priming

Question 19

This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus.

Answer 19

READING ALOUD

Question 20

Patients with surface_____ have problems reading irregular words.

Answer 20

dyslexia

Question 21

• an acquired reading disorder in which the substitution of semantically, but not visually, similar words in single word reading sometimes occur (e.g.,
“ship” is read as “boat”).
It occurs as a result of brain damage to the left-hemisphere brain areas involved in language

Answer 21

Deep dyslexia

Question 22

Our eyes move rapidly in jerks

Answer 22

saccades

Question 23

Saccades typically last ____ milliseconds and are interspersed with fixations lasting____ ms.

Answer 23

20-30, 200-250

Question 24

is influenced by text difficulty and print size. It typically reaches three to four letters to the left of fixation and up to 15 to the right. This asymmetry is evident as readers of languages like Arabic, which read right to left, exhibit the opposite pattern.

Answer 24

perceptual span (effective field of view)

Question 25

the total area from which useful information is extracted; this is the longest span.

Answer 25

total perceptual span

Question 26

the area from which information is obtained.

Answer 26

letter-identification span

Question 27

the area from which information relevant to word-identification processes is obtained; this is the shortest span.

Answer 27

word-identification span

Question 28

Fixation duration on a word increases when it follows a rare word

Answer 28

spillover effect.

Question 29

the most crucial form of auditory perception. Spoken language can be viewed as a unique form of music. Unlike other auditory perceptions, speech perception shows left-hemisphere dominance. Speech stimuli that fall between two phonemes are usually categorized as one or the other with a clear boundary (categorical perception).

Answer 29

Speech Perception

Question 30

Difficulty in separating words from the continuous stream of speech sounds due to the ever-changing pattern of speech.

Answer 30

Segmentation Problem

Question 31

Listeners encounter significant variations in speaking rates and often deal with degraded speech caused by distractions like background noise.

Answer 31

Individual Differences and Degraded Speech

Question 32

Language is spoken at a fast pace, with approximately ten phonemes per second, requiring listeners to process information quickly.

Answer 32

Rapid Processing

Question 33

This plays a significant role in spoken word recognition, influencing processing at different stages.
• The interactionist account claims contextual information can influence processing at an early stage.
• The autonomous account claims context has its effects late in processing

Answer 33

Context Effects

Question 34

suggests that listeners perceive speech by simulating the articulatory movements of the speaker. This theory posits that the motor system plays a crucial role in understanding speech, as listeners covertly reproduce the movements required to produce the speech sounds they hear. By mimicking these movements, listeners generate less variable and more consistent information about the speech signal. The motor theory emphasizes the active involvement of the motor system in speech perception, highlighting the importance of motor processes in understanding spoken language.

Answer 34

motor theory

Question 35

this model focuses mostly on short segments of genuine speech

Answer 35

TRACE I

Question 36

focuses on the identification of phonemes and words in speech.

Answer 36

TRACE Il

Question 37

Each component of speech-words, phonemes, and features- plays a unique function in producing understandable speech.
• By combining these components, this produces a coherent stream of speech rather than a collection of separate parts.

Answer 37

Trace Model

Question 38

Who developed Trace model?

Answer 38

McClelland and Elman (1986) and McClelland (1991)

Question 39

Proposed in the 1980’s by Marslen-Wilson, this is a representation for lexical retrieval.
- The acoustic information at the beginning of a word activates a “cohort” of possible words

Answer 39

Cohort Model

Question 40

• A person’s mental dictionary, or vocabulary, is made up of all the terms they are acquainted with.

Answer 40

lexicon