G2: LANGUAGE PRODUCTION

Question 1

the process through which individuals generate and express language, whether orally or in writing. It encompasses planning what to say or write, translating thoughts into linguistic forms, and executing those forms. In cognitive psychology, studying language production provides insights into how the mind organizes and produces language, shedding light on cognitive processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving.

Answer 1

Language production

Question 2

The cognitive processes involved in planning and organizing speech, including selecting words, forming grammatically correct sentences, and arranging speech sounds

Answer 2

Speech Planning

Question 3

Common types of speech errors, such as slips of the tongue, phonological errors, and semantic errors, and their implications for understanding the mechanisms of language production.

Answer 3

Speech Errors

Question 4

Major theoretical frameworks proposed to explain how language is produced, including Levelt’s model, the WEAVER++ model, and the Interactive Activation mode

Answer 4

Theories of Speech Production

Question 5

The communicative functions of speech, including requesting, expressing emotions, giving instructions, sharing information, and socializing.

Answer 5

Speech as Communication

Question 6

The cognitive processes involved in producing written language, including generating ideas, organizing thoughts, structuring sentences, and revising drafts.

Answer 6

Writing The Main Processes

Question 7

The process of encoding spoken language into written symbols, including the rules and conventions of spelling, common spelling errors, and strategies for improving spelling proficiency.

Answer 7

Spelling

Question 8

3 types of speech planning

Answer 8

Lexical Access, Syntactic Planning, Phonological Encoding

Question 9

The process of retrieving words from memory. This involves accessing the mental lexicon, which contains the store of known words in a person’s mind.

Answer 9

Lexical Access

Question 10

Organizing the retrieved words into grammatically correct sentences or phrases. This involves determining the appropriate word order, sentence structure, and grammatical rules.

Answer 10

Syntactic Planning

Question 11

Converting the planned words and sentences into the appropriate phonological forms, which are the sounds of speech. This includes selecting the correct sounds for each word and arranging them in the proper sequence for fluent speech production.

Answer 11

Phonological Encoding

Question 12

are unintended mistakes in speech production.

Answer 12

Speech errors

Question 13

These occur when the speaker
inadvertently substitutes, deletes,
or rearranges sounds, words, or
phrases. For example, saying
“butterfly” instead of “bottle fly.”

Answer 13

Slips of the tongue

Question 14

These occur when a word is substituted
with a similar-sounding word, often
resulting in a nonsensical or humorous
statement. For instance, saying
“pineapple of perfection” instead of
“pinnacle of perfection.”

Answer 14

Malapropisms

Question 15

Speech errors can result from various causes, including:

Answer 15

Phonological errors, Syntactic errors, Semantic errors

Question 16

Mistakes related to the sounds of speech, such as substituting one sound for another or transposing sounds within words.

Answer 16

Phonological errors

Question 17

Errors related to the structure of sentences, such as word order or grammatical inflections.

Answer 17

Syntactic errors

Question 18

Errors involving the meaning of words or phrases, such as using a similar-sounding word with a different meaning.

Answer 18

Semantic errors

Question 19

Theories of Speech Production

Answer 19

Levelt’s Mode, The WEAVER++ Model, Interactive Activation Model

Question 20

Emphasizes three main stages of speech production - conceptualization, formulation, and articulation.

Answer 20

Levelt’s Model

Question 21

In this stage, the speaker generates the basic idea or message they want to convey. This involves activating relevant concepts and forming a coherent message.

Answer 21

Conceptualization

Question 22

Once the message is conceptualized, it is translated into a linguistic form. This stage involves selecting appropriate words and grammatical structures to express the intended message.

Answer 22

Formulation

Question 23

The final stage involves the physical production of speech. The formulated message is translated into motor commands to articulate speech sounds and produce spoken words.

Answer 23

Articulation

Question 24

Suggests that speech production involves multiple levels of processing, including lexical, morphological, and phonological stages.

Answer 24

The WEAVER++ Model

Question 25

involves accessing the mental lexicon to retrieve words and their associated meanings.

Answer 25

Lexical processing

Question 26

involves analyzing word structure, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.

Answer 26

Morphological processing

Question 27

involves converting abstract linguistic representations into speech sounds.

Answer 27

Phonological processing

Question 28

proposes that when producing speech,
different words compete for activation in the mind. This model suggests that
lexical representations (words) are interconnected, and activation spreads
through these connections.

Answer 28

Interactive Activation Model

Question 29

Language production is closely linked to communication as it involves the generation and expression of thoughts, ideas, and information through spoken or written language

Answer 29

SPEECH AS COMMUNICATION

Question 30

Language production enables individuals to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and intentions into meaningful messages that can be understood by others.

Answer 30

Expressing Ideas

Question 31

Through language production, individuals can convey information, share knowledge, opinions, or experiences with others.

Answer 31

Sharing Information

Question 32

Facilitates interpersonal interaction by allowing individuals to engage in conversations and discussions with others, fostering connections and relationships

Answer 32

Interpersonal Interaction

Question 33

Contributes to successful communication by enabling clear expression, which aids in understanding and interpretation of messages by listeners or readers.

Answer 33

Understanding and Interpretation

Question 34

Communication involves a reciprocal process where language production is followed by reception and interpretation of the message by the recipient.

Answer 34

Feedback and Adjustment

Question 35

plays a crucial role in speech production because it focuses on how language is used in social contexts to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words. In speech production, understanding _____ helps individuals choose appropriate words and structures to effectively communicate intentions, emotions, and
social nuances.

Answer 35

Pragmatics

Question 36

Examples of how speech serves communicative functions:

Answer 36

Informative speech, Expressing Emotions

Question 37

Sharing knowledge or information.

Answer 37

Informative speech

Question 38

Sharing feelings or emotions with others, like saying “I’m so happy!” or “I’m feeling sad today.”

Answer 38

Expressing Emotions

Question 39

In the context of language production, writing refers to the process of converting
thoughts, ideas, and messages into a written form. It involves a series of cognitive
processes that enable individuals to express themselves through text.

Answer 39

WRITING: THE MAIN PROCESSES

Question 40

The initial stage where writers think about their topic, purpose, and audience. They may brainstorm ideas, create outlines, or gather research before beginning to write.

Answer 40

Planning

Question 41

Writers start putting their ideas into written form. They focus on getting their thoughts
down on paper without worrying too much about grammar or structure.

Answer 41

Drafting

Question 42

After completing a draft, writers review and make changes to improve clarity and
overall effectiveness. This may involve reorganizing ideas, adding or deleting content, or refining language.

Answer 42

Revising

Question 43

Speech is produced orally using sounds and gestures, while writing is produced using written symbols and marks.

Answer 43

Medium

Question 44

Speech production is generally faster than writing production because it involves immediate vocalization, whereas writing requires time to write or type words.

Answer 44

Speed

Question 45

In speech production, immediate ______ is received through auditory cues and facial expressions, while in writing, ______ may be delayed until the written text is reviewed by the writer or others.

Answer 45

feedback

Question 46

Writing allows for easier _______ compared to speech, where corrections are
typically made on the fly or through subsequent clarifications

Answer 46

Editing

Question 47

Speech is often directed towards a specific ________ and can involve
nonverbal cues for emphasis, while writing may be intended for a broader audience
and relies solely on written language for communication.

Answer 47

Audience

Question 48

is crucial in written language production because it ensures clarity, comprehension, and effective communication.

Answer 48

spelling

Question 49

An examination of the cognitive demands of the act of spelling indicates that the speller needs to coordinate several sources of word knowledge:

Answer 49

phonological, orthographic, syntactic, and semantic

Question 50

spelling process involves the mental and language-related steps needed to
write or show words accurately in writing. These processes work together to enable individuals to accurately spell words during
writing tasks.

Answer 50

Phoneme-grapheme correspondence, Orthographic knowledge, Morphological awareness, Visual memory, Contextual cues, Motor skills

Question 51

Understanding the relationship
between the sounds of spoken language (phonemes) and the letters or letter
combinations used to represent those sounds (graphemes). For example,
knowing that the sound /k/ can be represented by the letter ‘c’ in words like
“cat” or the letters ‘ck’ in words like “back”.

Answer 51

Phoneme-grapheme correspondence

Question 52

Familiarity with the conventional spelling patterns, rules, and exceptions in a language. This involves recognizing common spelling patterns and understanding irregularities in spelling.

Answer 52

Orthographic knowledge

Question 53

Recognizing and understanding the morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) within words, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words. This understanding helps in spelling words correctly by applying
knowledge of word structure.

Answer 53

Morphological awareness

Question 54

Remembering the visual appearance of words, including their letter sequences and any irregularities. Visual memory aids in recalling the correct spelling of words from memory

Answer 54

Visual memory