random error
unpredictable fluctuations in measurements, caused by chance factors, leading to inconsistent results
systematic error
a consistent deviation in measurements or observations from the true value due to flaws in the measurement process or equipment, leading to skewed results
moderator
affects the strength or direction of that relationship
mediator
explains the how or why of a relationship between two variables
vignette experiment
uses short, hypothetical scenarios (vignettes) to elicit respondents’ judgments, beliefs, and attitudes, allowing researchers to explore how different factors influence decisions and behaviours